ArticleNucleic acids research2014
The interplay of restriction-modification systems with mobile genetic elements and their prokaryotic hosts.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 210 papers.
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Who cites it
210 citing papers in PubMed, 353 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Cytosine methylation contributes to the fitness ofiScience · 2026Article
- How to Unmask an Unknown: The Restriction-Modification SystemInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The plasmid-host fitness landscape: a new paradigm for predicting the fate of mobile resistance.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- Bacteriophages mobilize bacterial defense systems via lateral transduction.Science advances · 2026Article
- Bacterial defense systems: Mechanisms, homology to eukaryotic immune systems, and applications.Zoological research · 2026Review
- Epigenetic regulation and antimicrobial resistance: functional roles of DNA methylation.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
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- Genomic and functional characterization of a lyticFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
150 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The roles of restriction-modification (R-M) systems in providing immunity against horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and in stabilizing mobile genetic elements (MGEs) have been much debated. However, few studies have precisely addressed the distribution of these systems in light of HGT, its mechanisms and its vectors. We analyzed the distribution of R-M systems in 2261 prokaryote genomes and found their frequency to be strongly dependent on the presence of MGEs, CRISPR-Cas systems, integrons and natural transformation. Yet R-M systems are rare in plasmids, in prophages and nearly absent from other phages. Their abundance depends on genome size for small genomes where it relates with HGT but saturates at two occurrences per genome. Chromosomal R-M systems might evolve under cycles of purifying and relaxed selection, where sequence conservation depends on the biochemical activity and complexity of the system and total gene loss is frequent. Surprisingly, analysis of 43 pan-genomes suggests that solitary R-M genes rarely arise from the degradation of R-M systems. Solitary genes are transferred by large MGEs, whereas complete systems are more frequently transferred autonomously or in small MGEs. Our results suggest means of testing the roles for R-M systems and their associations with MGEs.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.