Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25119608›Full record

ArticleThe New England journal of medicine2014

Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes.

Dariush Mozaffarian, Saman Fahimi, Gitanjali M Singh, Renata Micha, Shahab Khatibzadeh, Rebecca E Engell, Stephen Lim, Goodarz Danaei, Majid Ezzati, John Powles and 1 more

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In one paragraph

Article in The New England journal of medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 617 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
617citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
74.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

617 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,202 citations in OpenAlex.

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557 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.

Dariush MozaffarianFrom the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University (D.M.), the Departments of Epidemiology (D.M., S.F., G.M.S., R.M., S.K., G.D.), Nutrition (D.M.), and Global Health and Population (G.D.), Harvard School of Public Health, and the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (D.M.) - all in Boston; the Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge (S.F., J.P.), and the MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London (M.E.) - both in the United Kingdom; and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle (R.E.E., S.L.).
Saman Fahimi
Gitanjali M Singh
Renata Micha
Shahab Khatibzadeh
Rebecca E Engell
Stephen Lim
Goodarz Danaei
Majid Ezzati
John Powles
Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group
Harvard University · USInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation · USImperial College London · GBInstitute of Public Health · INTufts University · US

Funding

Training CoreP42ES010349 · NIEHS · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI NAVAS-ACIEN, ANA · 2000 to 2020
$53.6M
Medical Research Council G0801056NIDDK NIH HHS DK007703NIEHS NIH HHS P42 ES 10349
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHigh sodium intake increases blood pressure, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the effects of sodium intake on global cardiovascular mortality are uncertain.

methodsWe collected data from surveys on sodium intake as determined by urinary excretion and diet in persons from 66 countries (accounting for 74.1% of adults throughout the world), and we used these data to quantify the global consumption of sodium according to age, sex, and country. The effects of sodium on blood pressure, according to age, race, and the presence or absence of hypertension, were calculated from data in a new meta-analysis of 107 randomized interventions, and the effects of blood pressure on cardiovascular mortality, according to age, were calculated from a meta-analysis of cohorts. Cause-specific mortality was derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Using comparative risk assessment, we estimated the cardiovascular effects of current sodium intake, as compared with a reference intake of 2.0 g of sodium per day, according to age, sex, and country.

resultsIn 2010, the estimated mean level of global sodium consumption was 3.95 g per day, and regional mean levels ranged from 2.18 to 5.51 g per day. Globally, 1.65 million annual deaths from cardiovascular causes (95% uncertainty interval [confidence interval], 1.10 million to 2.22 million) were attributed to sodium intake above the reference level; 61.9% of these deaths occurred in men and 38.1% occurred in women. These deaths accounted for nearly 1 of every 10 deaths from cardiovascular causes (9.5%). Four of every 5 deaths (84.3%) occurred in low- and middle-income countries, and 2 of every 5 deaths (40.4%) were premature (before 70 years of age). The rate of death from cardiovascular causes associated with sodium intake above the reference level was highest in the country of Georgia and lowest in Kenya.

conclusionsIn this modeling study, 1.65 million deaths from cardiovascular causes that occurred in 2010 were attributed to sodium consumption above a reference level of 2.0 g per day. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.).

Indexed as

DietAdultAgedCardiovascular DiseasesFemaleGlobal HealthHumansMaleMiddle AgedSex DistributionSodiumSodium, DietarySodiumSodium, Dietary

Identifiers

PMID25119608
OpenAlexW2125436925

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.