ArticleThe New England journal of medicine2014
Association of urinary sodium and potassium excretion with blood pressure.
Article in The New England journal of medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 431 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology Study
Impact of Self-monitoring of Salt Intake by Salt Meter in Hypertensive Patients
The Effect of Low Salt Diet on CKD Progression:A Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
431 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Metabolite Profiles in Response to Dietary Interventions for Management of Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review.Current nutrition reports · 2025Pooled it
- Global mean potassium intake: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis.European journal of nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Interventions for reducing blood pressure in prehypertension: A meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of Sodium Intake on Health and Performance in Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Sports.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Association between the Urinary Sodium to Potassium Ratio and Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Pooled it
- Salt Reduction Initiatives in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and Evaluation of Progress towards the 2025 Global Target: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Sodium reduction is the key ingredient in dietary treatment of hypertension - a randomized controlled trial on sodium, potassium and nitrate.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Trial
- Effectiveness and optimization of low-sodium oxybate in participants with narcolepsy switching from a high-sodium oxybate: data from the Substitution of Equal Grams of Uninterrupted Xyrem to Xywav study.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2024Trial
- Sodium Intake and Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Individuals With Vascular Disease.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Community-based intervention for monitoring of salt intake in hypertensive patients: A cluster randomized controlled trial.PloS one · 2024Trial
- Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Trial
- Effects of a low-sodium diet in patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism: a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Trial
- Comparison between the Effects of Hymalaian Salt and Common Salt Intake on Urinary Sodium and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Individuals.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2022Trial
- A Mobile Health Salt Reduction Intervention for People With Hypertension: Results of a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Impact of self-monitoring of salt intake by salt meter in hypertensive patients: A randomized controlled trial (SMAL-SALT).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2021Trial
- The kidney distal tubule potassium switch, modern diet and hypertension.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Joint Expert Consensus on the Sodium Reduction Policy in Taiwan: A Collaborative Declaration by the Taiwan Hypertension Society (THS), Taiwan Society of Cardiology (TSOC), International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI), and Nutrition Society of Taiwan (NST).Acta Cardiologica Sinica · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the progression of salt-sensitive hypertension in aged Dahl salt-sensitive rats.American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology · 2026Article
- High-salt diet in macrophage-associated metabolic disorders: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
371 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
30 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHigher levels of sodium intake are reported to be associated with higher blood pressure. Whether this relationship varies according to levels of sodium or potassium intake and in different populations is unknown.
methodsWe studied 102,216 adults from 18 countries. Estimates of 24-hour sodium and potassium excretion were made from a single fasting morning urine specimen and were used as surrogates for intake. We assessed the relationship between electrolyte excretion and blood pressure, as measured with an automated device.
resultsRegression analyses showed increments of 2.11 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure and 0.78 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure for each 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion. The slope of this association was steeper with higher sodium intake (an increment of 2.58 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure per gram for sodium excretion >5 g per day, 1.74 mm Hg per gram for 3 to 5 g per day, and 0.74 mm Hg per gram for <3 g per day; P<0.001 for interaction). The slope of association was steeper for persons with hypertension (2.49 mm Hg per gram) than for those without hypertension (1.30 mm Hg per gram, P<0.001 for interaction) and was steeper with increased age (2.97 mm Hg per gram at >55 years of age, 2.43 mm Hg per gram at 45 to 55 years of age, and 1.96 mm Hg per gram at <45 years of age; P<0.001 for interaction). Potassium excretion was inversely associated with systolic blood pressure, with a steeper slope of association for persons with hypertension than for those without it (P<0.001) and a steeper slope with increased age (P<0.001).
conclusionsIn this study, the association of estimated intake of sodium and potassium, as determined from measurements of excretion of these cations, with blood pressure was nonlinear and was most pronounced in persons consuming high-sodium diets, persons with hypertension, and older persons. (Funded by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario and others.).
Indexed as
Identifiers
25119606What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.