ArticlePsychological medicine2015
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk for drug use disorder: a population-based follow-up and co-relative study.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pre-adult attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder and later adverse health outcomes: the 1987 Finnish birth cohort study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Network analysis of the genetic relationships between twenty psychiatric and substance use disorders.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- The typology of common psychiatric disorders as depicted by genetic maps: a study based on Swedish population-based registers.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- Article
- Elevated psychiatric and substance use disorders in people with intellectual disabilities in a Swedish National Sample.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Self-Reported ADHD Diagnosis and Illicit Drug Use and Prescription Medication Misuse Among U.S. Working-Age Adults.Journal of attention disorders · 2025Article
- The outcome of major psychiatric and substance use disorders as an index of genetic risk and genetic heterogeneity.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- The moderation of genetic risk for ten major psychiatric and substance use disorders by the genetic aptitude for educational attainment.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- The number of episodes of major psychiatric and substance use disorders as an index of genetic risk and genetic heterogeneity.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- The application of population data linkage to capture sibling health outcomes among children and young adults with neurodevelopmental conditions. A scoping review.International journal of population data science · 2025Article
- Age at onset as an index of genetic heterogeneity in major psychiatric and substance use disorders.Psychological medicine · 2024Article
- Prevalence and clinical phenotypes of adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid behavioral addictions.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2024Article
- From Consensus Statement to Pills to Pixels: New Innovations in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Care.Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology · 2024Review
- Sociodemographic disparities in ADHD diagnosis and treatment among U.S. elementary schoolchildren.Psychiatry research · 2023Article
- Attention deficit hyperactivity and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in adolescence and risk of substance use disorders-A general population-based birth cohort study.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2023Article
- Disrupted Attention to Other's Eyes is Linked to Symptoms of ADHD in Childhood.Child psychiatry and human development · 2023Article
- Real-life instability in ADHD from young to middle adulthood: a nationwide register-based study of social and occupational problems.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- ADHD in Children and Adults: Diagnosis and Prognosis.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2022Review
- The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2021Review
- ASRS Questionnaire and Tobacco Use: Not Just a Cigarette. A Screening Study in an Italian Young Adult Sample.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
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4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and drug use disorder (DUD) is well documented, it is unclear whether it is causal or results from familial confounding.
methodIn this study we included all 551 164 individuals born in Sweden between 1991 and 1995 and used linked data from multiple nationwide registries to identify those with ADHD prior to age 15 years (1.71%). We used Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the future risk for DUD as a function of an ADHD registration and then compared the results from the entire population with the results from a co-relative design. Using the Swedish Multi-Generation Register, we identified all full-sibling, half-sibling and first-cousin pairs discordant for ADHD.
resultsIn the population sample, ADHD had a substantially increased risk for future DUD with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.34 after accounting for gender and parental education. Examining discordant cousin pairs, discordant half-siblings and discordant siblings, those with ADHD had HRs for DUD of 3.09, 2.10 and 2.38 respectively. Controlling for the number of ADHD registrations, ADHD patients with and without stimulant treatment were similarly associated with later DUD risk.
conclusionsADHD diagnosed before 15 years of age was strongly related to future risk for DUD. The magnitude of this association was modestly reduced in relative pairs discordant for ADHD, suggesting that the ADHD-DUD association is partly causal and partly a result of familial confounding. We found no evidence to suggest that this association resulted from stimulant treatment.
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