ArticleEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2015
Winter 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in young urban adults are affected by smoking, body mass index and educational level.
Article in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Body Mass Index, Vitamin D, and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2018Pooled it
- Obesity may extend the time required to reach a steady-state 25(OH)D level after initiating vitamin D supplementation.JBMR plus · 2025Article
- Association of vitamin D levels with anthropometric and adiposity indicators across all age groups: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies.Endocrine connections · 2024Article
- Environmental Air Pollutants Affecting Skin Functions with Systemic Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Associations between ambient air pollution, obesity, and serum vitamin D status in the general population of Korean adults.BMC public health · 2022Article
- The Impact of Vitamin D on Skin Aging.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among three immigrant groups in Finland: evidence from a population-based study using standardised 25-hydroxyvitamin D data.Public health nutrition · 2020Article
- Obesity Decreases Hepatic 25-Hydroxylase Activity Causing Low Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D.Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research · 2019Article
- Genetic influence on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in Korean men: a cross-sectional study.Genes & nutrition · 2018Article
- Greater Adherence to Cancer Prevention Guidelines Is Associated with Higher Circulating Concentrations of Vitamin D Metabolites in a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Pooled Participants from 2 Chemoprevention Trials.The Journal of nutrition · 2017Article
- Assessment of vitamin D levels, awareness among Lebanese pharmacy students, and impact of pharmacist counseling.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2017Observational
- Smoking and serum vitamin D in older Chinese people: cross-sectional analysis based on the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study.BMJ open · 2016Article
- Determinants of vitamin D status in young adults: influence of lifestyle, sociodemographic and anthropometric factors.BMC public health · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesTo study the relationship of winter 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD) levels with age, education, place of residency, marital status and body mass index (BMI) as they may affect sun exposure, vitamin D synthesis and metabolism. SUBJECTS/
methodsSubjects (1952) answered a structured questionnaire concerning education, marital status and smoking; and body weight/height, and parathyroid hormone and 25-OHD were measured.
results25-OHD levels were higher in the males with elementary and secondary education compared with higher education (46.8±18.5 and 43.7±16 vs 39.9±15.3 nmol/l, P<0.01). Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent (16.7%, (13.1-20.2) vs 10.8%, (8.4-13.2), P=0.08) and sufficiency was less prevalent (24.6% (20-29.2) vs 33.7%, (29.5-37.8), P=0.005) in those with higher than secondary education. No differences were found among the females. Male smokers had lower 25-OHD than nonsmokers (40.2±16.6 vs 43.6±15.7 nmol/l, P=0.004). Deficiency was more prevalent in the male smokers than nonsmokers with secondary and higher education (secondary 16.6%, (10.1-22.4) vs 8.2%, (5.1-11.3), P=0.006; higher 27.4%, (17.7-37.1) vs 13.2%, (9.0-17.5), P=0.003). 25-OHD was lower in the obese than in the normal-weight females (34.6±16.2 vs 38.2±17.8 nmol/l, analysis of variance, P=0.014), but not males. Marital status was not related to 25-OHD. Only in the urban residents, increasing BMI in the young females increased the risk for vitamin D deficiency by 1%, and smoking had an odds ratio of 1.99 (1.05-3.78) in the young and 2.5 (1.07-5.75) in the middle-aged males.
conclusionsSmoking and higher education in the males and obesity in the females were factors for vitamin D deficiency among Bulgarian urban population.
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