ArticlePsychological medicine2015
Blood cadmium and depressive symptoms in young adults (aged 20-39 years).
Article in Psychological medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular Characterization of the Progressive Landscape of Depression.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of a Nomogram to Predict Depression Risk in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- A prospective study of a whole blood metal mixture and depressive symptoms among Black women from Detroit, Michigan.Neurotoxicology · 2025Article
- Dietary fiber intake moderates the impact of blood cadmium on depression: a nationally representative cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Association between blood cadmium and depression varies by age and smoking status in US adult women: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2005-2016.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Trace Elements Levels in Major Depressive Disorder-Evaluation of Potential Threats and Possible Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The Effect of Cadmium on Sleep Parameters Assessed in Polysomnographic Studies: A Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Estimation of health risks associated with dietary cadmium exposure.Archives of toxicology · 2023Review
- Heavy Metal(loid) Body Burden in Environmentally Exposed Children With and Without Internalizing Behavior Problems.Exposure and health · 2022Article
- ICP-MS Multi-Elemental Analysis of the Human Meninges Collected from Sudden Death Victims in South-Eastern Poland.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Machine learning model for depression based on heavy metals among aging people: A study with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- High Cadmium Levels in Individuals with Depressive Mood: Results from the 2008-2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey.Iranian journal of public health · 2021Article
- Recent Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Biosensors Development for Detection of Arsenic, Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium.International journal of nanomedicine · 2021Review
- A Scoping Review of Non-Occupational Exposures to Environmental Pollutants and Adult Depression, Anxiety, and Suicide.Current environmental health reports · 2020Article
- Blood cadmium and depressive symptoms: Confounded by cigarette smoking.Psychiatry research · 2017Article
- Cadmium, Lead, and Depressive Symptoms: Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012.The Journal of clinical psychiatry · 2017Article
- Factors affecting the variability in the observed levels of cadmium in blood and urine among former and current smokers aged 20-64 and ≥ 65years.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2017Article
- Health Risk Assessment of Dietary Cadmium Intake: Do Current Guidelines Indicate How Much is Safe?Environmental health perspectives · 2017Article
- Factors affecting the variability in the observed levels of urinary cadmium among children and nonsmoker adolescents.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGenetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk of depression and several studies have noted an association between tobacco smoke and depression. Cadmium is a neurotoxicant and the main source of non-occupational exposure is tobacco smoke.
methodWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from 2892 young adult (aged 20-39 years) participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2010. Multivariate logistic regressions, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, poverty income ratio (PIR), obesity, alcohol intake, blood lead (BPb) and smoking status, were used to analyze the association between blood cadmium (BCd) and depressive symptoms, as determined by the score on the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).
resultsIndividuals in the highest BCd quartile had higher odds of having depressive symptoms [odds ratio (OR) 2.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.84-4.25] than those in the lowest BCd quartile. Smoking status, but not BPb, was statistically significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Stratification by smoking status found that BCd was significantly associated with depressive symptoms in both non-smokers (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.12-7.58) and current smokers (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.13-6.42).
conclusionsThis is the first study to report an association between BCd levels and depressive symptoms using a nationally representative sample. The association of cadmium with depressive symptoms was independent of smoking status. If this association is further confirmed, the continued efforts at reducing cadmium exposures, mainly through tobacco smoking cessation programs, may decrease the incidence of depression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.