ReviewNature reviews. Endocrinology2014
Gynaecomastia--pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.
Review in Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 169 citations in OpenAlex.
- Management of gynecomastia in adolescence and adults: the clinical practice guidelines from the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS).Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Guideline
- Potential association between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and gynecomastia: a systematic review based on partial experimental evidenceendocrine-disrupting chemicals.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors and risk of male breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of UrologyPooled it
- A Clinical Algorithm for Gynecomastia: From Diagnosis to Surgical Management.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Endoscopic Subcutaneous Mastectomy with Cold-Knife Flap Dissection Through a Single Axillary Incision for Gynaecomastia.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Dual-time-point ICGA for perfusion-guided transaxillary single-port endoscopic gynecomastia surgery: a prospective exploratory comparative cohort study.Surgical endoscopy · 2026Article
- The amount of sodium intake may affect the susceptibility to treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with primary aldosteronism.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2026Article
- Gynecomastia: Etiological Analysis Beyond Hormonal Imbalance.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Circumareolar Skin Reduction versus Long Scar in Surgical Treatment of High-Grade Gynecomastia.Journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2026Article
- Rare β-human chorionic gonadotrophin-secreting urothelial carcinoma initially presenting as gynecomastia.JCEM case reports · 2026Article
- The Human Male Mammary Gland has Similar Epithelial Populations to Female but Distinct Composition and Transcriptional Properties.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Balancing Precision and Practicality: On the Role of MR/CT Imaging and Endocrine Correlates in Gynecomastia Classification.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- A New Clinical Classification Method for Gynecomastia Based on Chest Appearance and MR/CT Images.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Could refeeding-associated gynaecomastia occur during recovery from anorexia nervosa? A hypothesis-generating review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Glandular Transposition Technique for the Correction of Advanced Gynecomastia in Post-Bariatric Patients: A Case Series on a Conservative Strategy for Natural Aesthetic Outcomes.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Feminizing Adrenocortical Carcinoma in Men: A Rare Cause of Persistent Gynecomastia and a Contemporary Literature Review.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Estradiol, via estrogen receptor β signaling, mediates stress-susceptibility in the male brain.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Short-scar Excision Combined with Ultrasound-assisted Liposuction for Gynecomastia: A Prospective Pilot Study of an Innovative Technique.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- The Scribe of Saqqara: adipomastia or gynecomastia?Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Article
- Estrogen and alcohol use in women: a targeted literature review.Archives of women's mental health · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gynaecomastia (enlargement of the male breast tissue) is a common finding in the general population. Most cases of gynaecomastia are benign and of cosmetic, rather than clinical, importance. However, the condition might cause local pain and tenderness, could occasionally be the result of a serious underlying illness or a medication, or be inherited. Breast cancer in men is much less common than benign gynaecomastia, and the two conditions can usually be distinguished by a careful physical examination. Estrogens are known to stimulate the growth of breast tissue, whereas androgens inhibit it; most cases of gynaecomastia result from deficient androgen action or excessive estrogen action in the breast tissue. In some cases, such as pubertal gynaecomastia, the breast enlargement resolves spontaneously. In other situations, more active treatment might be required to correct an underlying condition (such as hyperthyroidism or a benign Leydig cell tumour of the testis) or medications that could cause breast enlargement (such as spironolactone) might need to be discontinued. For men with hypogonadism, administration of androgens might be helpful, as might antiestrogen therapy in men with endogenous overproduction of estrogens. Surgery to remove the enlarged breast tissue might be necessary when gynaecomastia does not resolve spontaneously or with medical therapy.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.