ArticleInternational journal of preventive medicine2014
Association of cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome in a puerto rican adult population.
Article in International journal of preventive medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of smoking on latent hazard classes of metabolic syndrome using latent class causal analysis method in the Iranian population.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Effect of waterpipe tobacco smoke exposure on the development of metabolic syndrome in adult male rats.PloS one · 2020Article
- Erratum: Association of cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome in a Puerto Rican adult population: Erratum.International journal of preventive medicine · 2015Article
- Metabolic Syndrome among Adults of Surendranagar District of Saurashtra, Gujarat: A Cross-Sectional Study.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social MedicineArticle
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2014-08-01Notice - Limited or No Information ·
- Erratum issued
- Retracted
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is related to an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Smokers are at greater risk than nonsmokers of becoming insulin resistant and to develop cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to explore the association between cigarette smoking, MetSyn, and its components among Puerto Rican adults.
methodsA representative sample of 856 persons aged 21-79 years from the San Juan Metropolitan area participated in this study. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics, including smoking habits, were gathered from a self-reported questionnaire. MetSyn was defined according to the revised NCEP-ATP III criteria and measured using biochemical measurements and anthropometric indices. Logistic regression models were used to estimate prevalence odds ratios (POR) and its 95% confidence intervals (CI).
resultsMetSyn was significantly (P < 0.001) more prevalent in former smokers (48.4%) as compared to current (42.7%) and never smokers (40.0%). However, after adjusting for possible confounders, current smokers who used more than 20 cigarettes per day were 2.24 (95% CI = 1.00-4.99) times more likely to have MetSyn as compared to never smokers. Heavy smokers were also more likely to have high triglyceride levels (POR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.12-4.38) and low HDL-cholesterol levels (POR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.28-4.86) as compared to never smokers.
conclusionThis study supports previous reports of an increased risk of MetSyn among current smokers, particularly those with a heavier consumption. Tobacco control strategies, such as preventing smoking initiation and disseminating evidence-based cessation programs, are necessary to reduce the burden of MetSyn in Puerto Rico.
Indexed as
Identifiers
25104996PMC4124562W3023846484What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.