ArticleThe Lancet. Global health2014
Population effect of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae in Kilifi, Kenya: findings from cross-sectional carriage studies.
Article in The Lancet. Global health, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 104 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 201 citations in OpenAlex.
- Upper airways colonisation of Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults aged 60 years and older: A systematic review of prevalence and individual participant data meta-analysis of risk factors.The Journal of infection · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Spillover effects on health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.International journal of epidemiology · 2017Pooled it
- Pneumococcal serotype distribution: A snapshot of recent data in pediatric and adult populations around the world.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effect of Biannual Azithromycin to Children under 5 Years on the Carriage of Respiratory Pathogens among Children Aged 7-11 Years.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Probiotics and carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Danish children, a double-blind randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Efficacy of 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media and nasopharyngeal carriage in Panamanian children - A randomized controlled trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2017Trial
- Vaccination with 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants according to HIV status.Medicine · 2017Trial
- Effectiveness of the 10-Valent Pneumococcal Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Protein D-Conjugated Vaccine (PHiD-CV) Against Carriage and Acute Otitis Media-A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial in Finland.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2016Trial
- Carriage ofVaccines · 2026Review
- Article
- Identification of age-group reservoirs for persistent vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage in rural Gambia.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Pre-vaccination carriage prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes among internally displaced people in Somaliland: a cross-sectional study.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2024Article
- Article
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe effect of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in developed countries was enhanced by indirect protection of unvaccinated individuals, mediated by reduced nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine-serotype pneumococci. The potential indirect protection of 10-valent PCV (PCV10) in a developing country setting is unknown. We sought to estimate the effectiveness of introduction of PCV10 in Kenya against carriage of vaccine serotypes and its effect on other bacteria.
methodsPCV10 was introduced into the infant vaccination programme in Kenya in January, 2011, accompanied by a catch-up campaign in Kilifi County for children aged younger than 5 years. We did annual cross-sectional carriage studies among an age-stratified, random population sample in the 2 years before and 2 years after PCV10 introduction. A nasopharyngeal rayon swab specimen was collected from each participant and was processed in accordance with WHO recommendations. Prevalence ratios of carriage before and after introduction of PCV10 were calculated by log-binomial regression.
findingsAbout 500 individuals were enrolled each year (total n=2031). Among children younger than 5 years, the baseline (2009-10) carriage prevalence was 34% for vaccine-serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae, 41% for non-vaccine-serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 54% for non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. After PCV10 introduction (2011-12), these percentages were 13%, 57%, and 40%, respectively. Adjusted prevalence ratios were 0·36 (95% CI 0·26-0·51), 1·37 (1·13-1·65), and 0·62 (0·52-0·75), respectively. Among individuals aged 5 years or older, the adjusted prevalence ratios for vaccine-serotype and non-vaccine-serotype S pneumoniae carriage were 0·34 (95% CI 0·18-0·62) and 1·13 (0·92-1·38), respectively. There was no change in prevalence ratio for Staphylococcus aureus (adjusted prevalence ratio for those <5 years old 1·02, 95% CI 0·52-1·99, and for those ≥5 years old 0·90, 0·60-1·35).
interpretationAfter programmatic use of PCV10 in Kilifi, carriage of vaccine serotypes was reduced by two-thirds both in children younger than 5 years and in older individuals. These findings suggest that PCV10 introduction in Africa will have substantial indirect effects on invasive pneumococcal disease.
fundingGAVI Alliance and Wellcome Trust.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.