ArticleActa neuropathologica communications2014
Microglial phenotypes and toll-like receptor 2 in the substantia nigra and hippocampus of incidental Lewy body disease cases and Parkinson's disease patients.
Article in Acta neuropathologica communications, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 178 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
178 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 254 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of PET imaging studies.Journal of neurology · 2022Pooled it
- TSPO-PET binding in vivo reflects increased phagocytic microglia at post mortem in people with frontotemporal dementia.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Article
- Activated microglial phenotypes in the hippocampal CA2 subfield are implicated in Lewy body disease progression.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Article
- Multifunctional Catechol-Functionalized Cellulose Hydrogels for the Minimally Invasive Treatment of Acute Optic Nerve Injuries.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Spatial multi-omics identifies early synaptic pruning and context-specific dopaminergic vulnerability in synucleinopathies.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Progress of Immunotherapies in Parkinson's Disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Microglial reactivity in the hippocampal CA2 is associated with advanced neuronal α-synucleinopathy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- 4-Phenylbutyrate Induces Functional Elongation of the Microglial Process Through Activation of Akt.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Electroacupuncture Inhibits the Early Neuroinflammatory Cascade Triggered by TLR2 in the Prodromal Period of PD.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Redirecting microglia phenotype via inhibition of NFAT1 ameliorates deficits in mouse model of synucleinopathies.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2025Article
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- α-Synuclein Pathology in Synucleinopathies: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Microglial dynamics and neuroinflammation in prodromal and early Parkinson's disease.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Review
- Improvement of Parkinson's Disease Symptoms by Butylphthalide Through Modulation of Microglial Activation.Neuromolecular medicine · 2025Article
- The microbiota-gut-brain axis: a potential target in the small-molecule compounds and gene therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Review
- Systemically circulating 17β-estradiol enhances the neuroprotective effect of the smoking cessation drug cytisine in female parkinsonian mice.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Role of toll-like receptors in post-COVID-19 associated neurodegenerative disorders?Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Deciphering motor dysfunction and microglial activation in mThy1-Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Article
- The therapeutic use of clonal neural stem cells in experimental Parkinson´s disease.Stem cell research & therapy · 2024Article
118 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Next to α-synuclein deposition, microglial activation is a prominent pathological feature in the substantia nigra (SN) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Little is known, however, about the different phenotypes of microglia and how they change during disease progression, in the SN or in another brain region, like the hippocampus (HC), which is implicated in dementia and depression, important non-motor symptoms in PD. We studied phenotypes and activation of microglia in the SN and HC of established PD patients (Braak PD stage 4–6), matched controls (Braak PD stage 0) and of incidental Lewy Body disease (iLBD) cases (Braak PD stage 1–3) that are considered a prodromal state of PD. As recent experimental studies suggested that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mediates α-synuclein triggered microglial activation, we also studied whether TLR2 expression is indeed related to pathology in iLBD and PD patients. A clear α-synuclein pathology-related increase in amoeboid microglia was present in the HC and SN in PD. Also, morphologically primed/reactive microglial cells, and a profound increase in microglial TLR2 expression were apparent in iLBD, but not PD, cases, indicative of an early activational response to PD pathology. Moreover, TLR2 was differentially expressed between the SN and HC, consistent with a region-specific pattern of microglial activation. In conclusion, the regional changes in microglial phenotype and TLR2 expression in primed/reactive microglia in the SN and HC of iLBD cases indicate that TLR2 may play a prominent role in the microglial-mediated responses that could be important for PD progression.
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