ArticlemBio2014
Novel entries in a fungal biofilm matrix encyclopedia.
Article in mBio, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 158 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
158 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Molecules and Metabolites from Natural Products as Inhibitors of Biofilm in Candida spp. pathogens.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2019Pooled it
- Characterization of an Uncinocarpus reesii-expressed recombinant tube precipitin antigen of Coccidioides posadasii for serodiagnosis.PloS one · 2019Trial
- Antifungal activity of propolis against Candida spp.New microbes and new infections · 2026Review
- Antifungal turbinmicin alters functional vesicle cargo.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- From Oral Candidiasis to Candidemia: A Review of Superficial to Invasive Progression.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- Effect of subsequent passages on biofilm formation intensity, ALS genes expression, and cell surface hydrophobicity variability in clinical Candida albicans isolates.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The rheological properties ofBiofilm · 2026Article
- Understanding the Effect of Propolis and Its Derivatives AgainstJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Profound cell wall remodeling inMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Current and emerging therapies for fungal biofilms and systemic infections.Critical reviews in microbiology · 2026Review
- Phage Display-Derived Peptides Have Neutralizing Activities Against Biofilm Formation byPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Nanostructured Hydrogels: A Method to Prevent Biofilms on Implantable Medical Devices.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Genetic Insights into the Rheological Phenotype of Candida albicans Biofilms.Research square · 2026Article
- AHL-mediated quorum sensing drives plastisphere formation and elevates pathogenic potential.The ISME journal · 2026Article
- Natural-Compound Adjuvants Dismantle Candida Biofilms: Mechanisms, Design Rules, and Biofilm-Aware Pharmacology.Current microbiology · 2026Review
- Bioactive Constituents ofDrug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- OvercomingFrontiers in antibiotics · 2026Review
- Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Inactivation and Eradication ofMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Cell differentiation, aging, and death in spatially organized yeast communities: mechanisms and consequences.Cell death and differentiation · 2025Review
- Biofilms and oral health: nanotechnology for biofilm control.Discover nano · 2025Review
98 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Virulence of Candida is linked with its ability to form biofilms. Once established, biofilm infections are nearly impossible to eradicate. Biofilm cells live immersed in a self-produced matrix, a blend of extracellular biopolymers, many of which are uncharacterized. In this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the matrix manufactured by Candida albicans both in vitro and in a clinical niche animal model. We further explore the function of matrix components, including the impact on drug resistance. We uncovered components from each of the macromolecular classes (55% protein, 25% carbohydrate, 15% lipid, and 5% nucleic acid) in the C. albicans biofilm matrix. Three individual polysaccharides were identified and were suggested to interact physically. Surprisingly, a previously identified polysaccharide of functional importance, β-1,3-glucan, comprised only a small portion of the total matrix carbohydrate. Newly described, more abundant polysaccharides included α-1,2 branched α-1,6-mannans (87%) associated with unbranched β-1,6-glucans (13%) in an apparent mannan-glucan complex (MGCx). Functional matrix proteomic analysis revealed 458 distinct activities. The matrix lipids consisted of neutral glycerolipids (89.1%), polar glycerolipids (10.4%), and sphingolipids (0.5%). Examination of matrix nucleic acid identified DNA, primarily noncoding sequences. Several of the in vitro matrix components, including proteins and each of the polysaccharides, were also present in the matrix of a clinically relevant in vivo biofilm. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis demonstrated interaction of aggregate matrix with the antifungal fluconazole, consistent with a role in drug impedance and contribution of multiple matrix components. Importance: This report is the first to decipher the complex and unique macromolecular composition of the Candida biofilm matrix, demonstrate the clinical relevance of matrix components, and show that multiple matrix components are needed for protection from antifungal drugs. The availability of these biochemical analyses provides a unique resource for further functional investigation of the biofilm matrix, a defining trait of this lifestyle.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.