ArticleAmerican journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)2015
Fetal sex-based differences in maternal hormones, angiogenic factors, and immune mediators during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Article in American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 174 citations in OpenAlex.
- The influence of fetal sex on maternal blood pressure in pregnancy.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Dynamic Graft-versus-Host Disease-Free, Relapse-Free Survival: Multistate Modeling of the Morbidity and Mortality of Allotransplantation.Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation · 2019Trial
- Circulating angiogenic factors associated with response and survival in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease: results from Blood and Marrow Transplant Clinical Trials Network 0302 and 0802.Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation · 2015Trial
- Role of sex and gender in autoimmune thyroid diseases: mechanisms and knowledge gaps.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Soluble P2X7 receptor (sP2X7R) as a marker of inflammation in pregnancy.Purinergic signalling · 2026Article
- Equity and Respect in Maternal and Infant Healthcare-A Report From the 2025 Venice Forum.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Review
- Maternal Inflammatory Biomarkers at 28 Weeks of Pregnancy and Childhood Adiposity at Age 7 and 13 Years in the Seychelles Child Development Study.Maternal and child health journal · 2026Article
- Abnormal renal function three months after delivery among pre-eclampsia survivors in Sub-Saharan Africa: a prospective cohort study in Uganda.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Maternal and infant correlates of postpartum depression: a study from low socioeconomic communities in Karachi, Pakistan.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- A cross-sectional examination of immune adaptations during pregnancy in the ECHO Cohort.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Progesterone regulation of cervix ripening in preterm and term birth in mice.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2025Article
- Regulatory KIRScience translational medicine · 2025Article
- Maternal Immune Activation During Pregnancy and Obstetric Outcomes: A Population-Based Cohort Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Hypertension Risk: Insights from Placental Genomics and Pregnancy-Driven Vascular Programming.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The role of sex differences in cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune functions in health and disease: a review for "Sex Differences in Health Awareness Day".Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- From Mother-Fetus Dyad to Mother-Milk-Infant Triad: Sex Differences in Macronutrient Composition of Breast Milk.Nutrients · 2025Article
- N,N-dimethylacetamide blocks inflammation-induced preterm birth and remediates maternal systemic immune responses.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Investigation of the Relationship Between IL-17, IL-27, IL-2 Blood Levels in Spontaneous Abortion and Healthy Pregnant Women.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Higher prevalence of gestational diabetes in euthyroid women with thyroid autoimmunity who were expecting a female fetus.European thyroid journal · 2025Article
- N,N-dimethylacetamide blocks inflammation-induced preterm birth and remediates maternal systemic immune responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
problemSeveral pregnancy complications have disparities based on the sex of the fetus. It is unknown whether the sex of the fetus differentially alters the maternal immune milieu, potentially contributing to the observed differences. METHOD OF STUDY: Using maternal plasma collected during 38 uncomplicated pregnancies (19 males, 19 females), we compared levels of cytokines, sex hormones, and angiogenic factors throughout gestation and postpartum.
resultsMale fetal sex was associated with higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines (G-CSF, IL-12p70, IL-21, and IL-33) and angiogenic factors (PlGF and VEGF-A) compared with female fetal sex at multiple timepoints. Female fetal sex was associated with higher levels of regulatory cytokines (IL-5, IL-9, IL-17, and IL-25). IL-27 increased throughout pregnancy regardless of fetal sex. There was no fetal sex-based difference in analyte concentrations at the postpartum measurement.
conclusionWomen carrying a male fetus exhibit a more proinflammatory/proangiogenic immune milieu than women carrying a female fetus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.