ArticleMolecular biology reports2014
Long-term ketamine abuse induces cystitis in rats by impairing the bladder epithelial barrier.
Article in Molecular biology reports, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of intravesical instillation of hyaluronic acid with intradetrusor botulinum toxin A injection or cystoscopic hydrodistention for ketamine-associated cystitis.The Journal of international medical research · 2020Trial
- The Effects of Psychotherapy on Single and Repeated Ketamine Infusion(s) Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression: The Convergence of Molecular and Psychological Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Post-Partum Depression Lactating Rat Model for Evaluating Ketamine's Safety as a Pharmacotherapeutic Treatment: Roles in Cardiac and Urinary Function.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2022Article
- Intravesical hyaluronic acid therapy after bladder autoaugmentation by transurethral vesicomyotomy for ketamine cystitis: is it helpful?World journal of urology · 2022Article
- Molecular Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Strategies of Ketamine-Related Cystitis.Biology · 2022Review
- Ketamine-Induced Cystitis: A Comprehensive Review of the Urologic Effects of This Psychoactive Drug.Health psychology research · 2022Article
- Intravesical Instillation of Norketamine, a Ketamine Metabolite, and Induced Bladder Functional Changes in Rats.Toxics · 2021Article
- Association of urinary ketamine and APOA1 levels with bladder dysfunction in ketamine abusers revealed via proteomics and targeted metabolite analyses.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Ketamine-induced urological toxicity: potential mechanisms and translation for adults with mood disorders receiving ketamine treatment.Psychopharmacology · 2021Review
- Smaller bladder capacity and stronger bladder contractility in patients with ketamine cystitis are associated with elevated TRPV1 and TRPV4.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Repeated Doses of Ketamine Affect the Infant Rat Urogenital System.Drug design, development and therapy · 2021Article
- Ketamine Induced Bladder Fibrosis Through MTDH/P38 MAPK/EMT Pathway.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Article
- Preclinical evidence in support of repurposing sub-anesthetic ketamine as a treatment for L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia.Experimental neurology · 2020Article
- Disruption of Cav1.2-mediated signaling is a pathway for ketamine-induced pathology.Nature communications · 2020Article
- Ketamine‑induced bladder dysfunction is associated with extracellular matrix accumulation and impairment of calcium signaling in a mouse model.Molecular medicine reports · 2019Article
- Clinical significance of interleukin‑6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in ketamine‑induced cystitis.International journal of molecular medicine · 2018Article
- Urinary metabonomics of rats with ketamine-induced cystitis using GC-MS spectroscopy.International journal of clinical and experimental pathology · 2018Article
- Special K: once the fun is over an EMT arrives for the bladder.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Long-term ketamine abuse is known to affect the lower urinary tract and produce symptoms of cystitis. However, the pathophysiology and causative mechanism of the changes in bladder function remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the existence of ketamine-induced cystitis in a rat model and characterize the underlining mechanisms. Rats were assigned to blank control, normal saline (NS), low-dose ketamine (LK, 5 mg/kg), and high-dose ketamine (HK, 50 mg/kg) groups. The two experimental groups received ketamine hydrochloride daily for 16 weeks. All rats were housed individually for assessment of urinary frequency and urine volume. Urinary biomarkers were measured at different time points. Rat bladders were excised for histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis. Ketamine-treated rats had increased urinary frequency compared to NS-treated rats at Week 16. Urinary nitric oxide and antiproliferative factor levels were increased in ketamine-treated rats within the first 30 h after administration. After long-term ketamine administration, urinary glycoprotein GP51 and potassium levels were decreased in the HK and LK groups compared to the NS group. Ketamine-treated rats showed thickened bladder epithelial layer, increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and occludin, and decreased expression of zonula occludens-1 in the bladder wall. Ketamine, or its urinary metabolites, disrupted the proliferation of bladder epithelial cells, resulting in defected bladder epithelial barrier. Subsequent leakage of urinary potassium causes a stress response in the bladder and provokes cystitis.
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