ReviewIntegrated environmental assessment and management2015
Critical review of public health regulations of titanium dioxide, a human food additive.
Review in Integrated environmental assessment and management, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluation of Nano TiOBiological trace element research · 2023Trial
- Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in oncology: synthesis, application, and challenges.Cell biology and toxicology · 2026Review
- Glia Cells Are Selectively Sensitive to Nanosized Titanium Dioxide Mineral Forms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Nanotechnology in food systems: opportunities and risks for human health.Biotechnologia · 2025Review
- Hepatotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2025Review
- Article
- Pure Epigallocatechin-3-gallate-Assisted Green Synthesis of Highly Stable Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Nanotechnology in Food and Plant Science: Challenges and Future Prospects.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Investigating the use of titanium dioxide (TiOScientific reports · 2023Article
- Future of Nanotechnology in Food Industry: Challenges in Processing, Packaging, and Food Safety.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2023Review
- Titanium (IV) oxide anatase nanoparticles as vectors for diclofenac: assessing the antioxidative responses to single and combined exposures in the aquatic macrophyte Egeria densa.Ecotoxicology (London, England) · 2023Article
- DNA Damage and Apoptosis as In-Vitro Effect Biomarkers of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiOInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Application of nanotechnology in food: processing, preservation, packaging and safety assessment.Heliyon · 2022Review
- The Intestinal Barrier-Shielding the Body from Nano- and Microparticles in Our Diet.Metabolites · 2022Review
- Food Colour Additives: A Synoptical Overview on Their Chemical Properties, Applications in Food Products, and Health Side Effects.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Geochemical and mineralogical composition of geophagic materials from Baringo town, Kenyan Rift Valley and their possible health effects on the consumers.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2021Article
- Use of Food Additive Titanium Dioxide (E171) before the Introduction of Regulatory Restrictions Due to Concern for Genotoxicity.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Titanium Wear of Dental Implants from Placement, under Loading and Maintenance Protocols.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Anatase and Rutile TiOInternational journal of nanomedicine · 2021Article
- Opportunistic gill infection is associated with TiO2 nanoparticle-induced mortality in zebrafish.PloS one · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
From 1916 to 2011, an estimated total of 165050000 metric tons of titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) pigment were produced worldwide. Current safety regulations on the usage of the TiO2 pigment as an inactive ingredient additive in human food are based on legislation from 1969 and are arguably outdated. This article compiles new research results to provide fresh data for potential risk reassessment. However, even after 45 years, few scientific research reports have provided truly reliable data. For example, administration of very high doses of TiO2 is not relevant to daily human uptake. Nevertheless, because dose makes the poison, the literature provides a valuable source for understanding potential TiO2 toxicity after oral ingestion. Numerous scientific articles have observed that TiO2 can pass and be absorbed by the mammalian gastrointestinal tract; can bioconcentrate, bioaccumulate, and biomagnify in the tissues of mammals and other vertebrates; has a very limited elimination rate; and can cause histopathological and physiological changes in various organs of animals. Such action is contrary to the 1969 decision to approve the use of TiO2 as an inactive ingredient in human food without an established acceptable daily intake, stating that neither significant absorption nor tissue storage following ingestion of TiO2 was possible. Thus, relevant governmental agencies should reassess the safety of TiO2 as an additive in human food and consider establishing an acceptable maximum daily intake as a precautionary measure.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.