ArticlePloS one2014
The effects of chronic cigarette smoking on gray matter volume: influence of sex.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Functional Connectivity Disruptions in Grey Matter Volume-Altered Brain Regions Among Male Smokers: A Neuroimaging Study.Addiction biology · 2025Pooled it
- The structural and functional brain alternations in tobacco use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Chronic tobacco smoking and neurocognitive impairments in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Shared gray matter alterations in subtypes of addiction: a voxel-wise meta-analysis.Psychopharmacology · 2021Pooled it
- Common abnormality of gray matter integrity in substance use disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparative voxel-based meta-analysis.Human brain mapping · 2021Pooled it
- Decreased Central Nervous System Grey Matter Volume (GMV) in Smokers Affects Cognitive Abilities: A Systematic Review.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2017Pooled it
- Chronic cigarette smoking is linked with structural alterations in brain regions showing acute nicotinic drug-induced functional modulations.Behavioral and brain functions : BBF · 2016Pooled it
- Effects of Hyperdirect Pathway Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Inhibitory Control, Craving, and Smoking in Adults With Nicotine Dependence: A Double-Blind, Randomized Crossover Trial.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Network localization of gray matter alterations in chronic smokers using the normative functional connectome.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Sex differences in normative modeling of cortical thickness in cannabis use disorder.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- Associations of alcohol and tobacco use with psychotic, depressive and developmental disorders revealed via multimodal neuroimaging.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Sex Difference in Cigarette-Smoking Status and Its Association with Brain Volumes Using Large-Scale Community-Representative Data.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Altered neuronal activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex drives nicotine intake escalation.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2023Article
- Effects of current smoking severity on brain gray matter volume in opioid use disorder - a voxel-based morphometry study.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2023Article
- Assessing the interaction effects of brain structure longitudinal changes and life environmental factors on depression and anxiety.Human brain mapping · 2023Article
- Connectome-based predictive modeling of smoking severity using individualized structural covariance network in smokers.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with substance use among HIV positive youth attending HIV care and treatment centers in Dodoma, Tanzania.AIDS research and therapy · 2022Article
- Prefrontal cortex and putamen grey matter alterations in cannabis and tobacco users.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2022Article
- Effects of Smoking Status and State on Intrinsic Connectivity.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2022Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains nicotine and toxic chemicals and may cause significant neurochemical and anatomical brain changes. Voxel-based morphometry studies have examined the effects of smoking on the brain by comparing gray matter volume (GMV) in nicotine dependent individuals (NDs) to nonsmoking individuals with inconsistent results. Although sex differences in neural and behavioral features of nicotine dependence are reported, sex differences in regional GMV remain unknown. The current study examined sex differences in GMV in a large sample of 80 NDs (41 males) and 80 healthy controls (41 males) using voxel-based morphometry. Within NDs, we explored whether GMV was correlated with measures of cigarette use and nicotine dependence. High-resolution T1 structural scans were obtained from all participants. Segmentation and registration were performed in SPM8 using the optimized DARTEL approach. Covariates included age and an estimate of total global GMV. Differences were considered significant at p≤0.001, with a whole brain FWE-corrected cluster probability of p<0.025. Among NDs compared to Controls less GMV was observed in the thalamus and bilateral cerebellum and greater GMV was observed in the bilateral putamen and right parahippocampus. Lower thalamic GMV was observed in both female and male NDs compared to Controls. Female NDs also had lower GMV in the left cerebellum and in the ventral medial and orbitofrontal cortices with no areas of greater GMV. Male NDs had lower GMV in bilateral cerebellum and greater GMV in bilateral parahippocampus and left putamen. Within male NDs, GMV in the left putamen was correlated with number of pack years. This study, conducted in a large cohort, contributes to our knowledge of brain morphology in nicotine addiction and provides additional evidence of sex-specific effects on GMV in NDs. Identifying brain vulnerabilities with respect to sex provides a methodological framework for personalized therapies to improve relapse rates for both sexes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.