ReviewStatistics in medicine2014
Review of methods for handling confounding by cluster and informative cluster size in clustered data.
Review in Statistics in medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Marginal structural models for multilevel clustered data.Biostatistics (Oxford, England) · 2022Pooled it
- Informative cluster size in cluster-randomised trials: A case study from the TRIGGER trial.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2023Trial
- Pregnancy intentions by sexual orientation among pregnancies across the life course.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Use of estimands in cluster randomised trials: A review.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2026Review
- International Medical Graduates Representation at International Oncology Conference Meetings: An Analysis of ASCO Annual Meetings.JCO oncology practice · 2026Article
- Post-traumatic stress disorder and adverse pregnancy outcomes: sexual orientation disparities in a prospective cohort study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Estimands and Doubly Robust Estimation for Cluster-Randomized Trials With Survival Outcomes.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- On the mixed-model analysis of covariance in cluster-randomized trials.Statistical science : a review journal of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics · 2026Article
- Sample Size Calculations for Partially Clustered Trials.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
- Differences in Abortion Use by Sexual Orientation in 3 National Cohorts.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 XBB.1.5-adapted vaccine against COVID-19 hospitalization related to the JN.1 variant in Europe: a test-negative case-control study using the id.DRIVE platform.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Investigating the association between school substance programs and student substance use: accounting for informative cluster size.Epidemiologic methods · 2025Article
- A General Framework for the Multiple Nonparametric Behrens-Fisher Problem With Dependent Replicates.Statistics in medicine · 2024Article
- Highly Heterogeneous Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Oral Shedding Kinetics Among People With and Without Kaposi Sarcoma and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Sexual orientation disparities in gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2024Article
- Demystifying estimands in cluster-randomised trials.Statistical methods in medical research · 2024Article
- Differences in medically assisted reproduction use by sexual identity and partnership: a prospective cohort of cisgender women.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- An update on clinical presentation and responses to therapy of patients with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH).Kidney international · 2024Article
- Analyzing risk factors for post-acute recovery in older adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia: A new semi-parametric model for large-scale medicare claims.Statistics in medicine · 2024Article
- Joint Modeling ofInternational journal of fertility & sterility · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Clustered data are common in medical research. Typically, one is interested in a regression model for the association between an outcome and covariates. Two complications that can arise when analysing clustered data are informative cluster size (ICS) and confounding by cluster (CBC). ICS and CBC mean that the outcome of a member given its covariates is associated with, respectively, the number of members in the cluster and the covariate values of other members in the cluster. Standard generalised linear mixed models for cluster-specific inference and standard generalised estimating equations for population-average inference assume, in general, the absence of ICS and CBC. Modifications of these approaches have been proposed to account for CBC or ICS. This article is a review of these methods. We express their assumptions in a common format, thus providing greater clarity about the assumptions that methods proposed for handling CBC make about ICS and vice versa, and about when different methods can be used in practice. We report relative efficiencies of methods where available, describe how methods are related, identify a previously unreported equivalence between two key methods, and propose some simple additional methods. Unnecessarily using a method that allows for ICS/CBC has an efficiency cost when ICS and CBC are absent. We review tools for identifying ICS/CBC. A strategy for analysis when CBC and ICS are suspected is demonstrated by examining the association between socio-economic deprivation and preterm neonatal death in Scotland.
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Registered trials
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