Risks and benefits of gain-of-function experiments with pathogens of pandemic potential, such as influenza virus: a call for a science-based discussion.

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

Who cites it

51 citing papers in PubMed.

1. Mirror microbial life and the dual use dilemma.mSphere · 2026
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2. Evolution, New Concepts, and Institutional Adaptation to the 2024 Dual-Use Research of Concern and Pathogens with Enhanced Pandemic Potential Policy.Applied biosafety : journal of the American Biological Safety Association · 2025
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3. Neglected Human Risk Factors Determining Sustainable Health by Microbial Causes: Individual Versus Social Conducts, Scientific Versus Stultified Behaviour.Microbial biotechnology · 2025
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4. Bridging biosafety and biosecurity gaps: DURC and ePPP policy insights from U.S. institutions.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024
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5. Selection of an Optimal Recombinant Egyptian H9N2 Avian Influenza Vaccine Strain for Poultry with High Antigenicity and Safety.Vaccines · 2022
   Article
6. The future of zoonotic risk prediction.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021
   Article
7. SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories.Reviews in medical virology · 2021
   Review
8. Rapid Proliferation of Pandemic Research: Implications for Dual-Use Risks.mBio · 2021
   Article
9. In silico comparison of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding affinities across species and implications for virus origin.Scientific reports · 2021
   Article
10. Applications of Deep Mutational Scanning in Virology.Viruses · 2021
    Review
11. The genetic structure of SARS-CoV-2 does not rule out a laboratory origin: SARS-COV-2 chimeric structure and furin cleavage site might be the result of genetic manipulation.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2021
    Article
12. Parallel evolution in the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses.Nature communications · 2020
    Article
13. Application of a Biologically Contained Reporter System To Study Gain-of-Function H5N1 Influenza A Viruses with Pandemic Potential.mSphere · 2020
    Article
14. Rethinking Gain-of-Function Experiments in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic.mBio · 2020
    Article
15. Influenza Hemagglutinin Structures and Antibody Recognition.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2020
    Review
16. Border closure for island nations? Analysis of pandemic and bioweapon-related threats suggests some scenarios warrant drastic action.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health · 2020
    Article
17. Public awareness, acceptability and risk perception about infectious diseases dual-use research of concern: a cross-sectional survey.BMJ open · 2020
    Article
18. [The Covid19 pandemic in the nexus of biological weapons control, biosecurity and global health].Zeitschrift fur Friedens- und Konfliktforschung · 2020
    Article
19. Improved Biosafety and Biosecurity Measures and/or Strategies to Tackle Laboratory-Acquired Infections and Related Risks.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018
    Review
20. Gain-of-function experiments with bacteriophage lambda uncover residues under diversifying selection in nature.Evolution; international journal of organic evolution · 2018
    Article

Corrections and comments

• Commented on by
  A Brain Drain due to Increased Regulation of Influenza Virus Research Is Highly Speculative.2014
• Commented on by
  Reply to "a brain drain due to increased regulation of influenza virus research is highly speculative".2014

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

Abstract

PubMed holds no abstract for this paper.

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