ReviewJournal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research2014
Stage-specific immune dysregulation in multiple sclerosis.
Review in Journal of interferon & cytokine research : the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- IL-17A deficiency in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice enriches beneficial Prevotella species in gut to promote Tregs and reduce CNS autoimmunity.Microbiome · 2026Article
- AAV1.NT3 gene therapy mitigates the severity of autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the mouse model for multiple sclerosis.Gene therapy · 2025Article
- Assessing disease progression and treatment response in progressive multiple sclerosis.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2024Review
- Dysregulated autotaxin expression by T cells in multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2024Article
- Biological aging in multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2023Review
- Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in multiple sclerosis: From cellular surrogates to pathogenic mediators and beyond.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2023Review
- Pediatric multiple sclerosis: an integrated outlook at the interplay between genetics, environment and brain-gut dysbiosis.AIMS neuroscience · 2023Review
- The levels of the serine protease HTRA1 in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with progression and disability in multiple sclerosis.Journal of neurology · 2021Article
- Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypes as a Continuum: The Role of Neurologic Reserve.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2021Review
- Multiple sclerosis patients have reduced resting and increased activated CD4Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Article
- Encephalitogenic and Regulatory CD8 T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2021Review
- Epigenetic differences at the HTR2A locus in progressive multiple sclerosis patients.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- The Diversity of Encephalitogenic CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models.Journal of clinical medicine · 2019Review
- Extracellular vesicles: mediators and biomarkers of pathology along CNS barriers.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2018Review
- The contribution of neutrophils to CNS autoimmunity.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2018Review
- GM-CSF Promotes Chronic Disability in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Altering the Composition of Central Nervous System-Infiltrating Cells, but Is Dispensable for Disease Induction.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2018Article
- Myeloid cell plasticity in the evolution of central nervous system autoimmunity.Annals of neurology · 2018Article
- LINGO-1-Fc-Transduced Neural Stem Cells Are Effective Therapy for Chronic Stage Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.Molecular neurobiology · 2017Article
- Role of Mast Cells in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A large body of data indicates that multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease which is initiated by CD4(+) T-helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells that are reactive against proteins in the myelin sheath. MS typically begins with a relapsing-remitting course, punctuated by clinical exacerbations associated with the development of focal inflammatory lesions in central nervous system white matter, followed by a secondary progressive (SP) phase, characterized by a gradual accumulation of neurological disability associated with widespread microglial activation and axonal loss. The molecular and cellular basis for this transition is unclear, and the role of inflammation during the SP stage is a subject of active debate. As of now, no immunological biomarkers have been identified in MS that are predictive of the clinical course or therapeutic responsiveness to disease-modifying agents, or that correlate with new lesion development, cumulative lesion load, or degree of disability. The discovery of such biomarkers would greatly facilitate clinical management and provide power for smaller and shorter clinical trials. In this article, we discuss the literature on immunological biomarkers in MS with a focus on stage-specific differences and similarities.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.