ReviewTherapeutic advances in drug safety2014
Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review.
Review in Therapeutic advances in drug safety, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 7 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 283 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy, Safety and Toxicology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems as an Aid for Smoking Cessation (The ESTxENDS Trial)
Substudy of Efficacy, Safety and Toxicology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems as an Aid for Smoking Cessation (ESTxENDS Trial)- the Toxins Substudy of ESTxENDS
Substudy of Efficacy, Safety and Toxicology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems as an Aid for Smoking Cessation (ESTxENDS Trial)- the Respiratory Symptoms Substudy of ESTxENDS
Substudy of Efficacy, Safety and Toxicology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems as an Aid for Smoking Cessation (ESTxENDS): Pulmonary Function Substudy (PulmENDS)
A Randomised Controlled International Multicentre Study Evaluating Changes in Metabolic Syndrome in Smokers With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After Switching From Tobacco Cigarettes to Combustion-Free Nicotine Delivery Systems: DIASMOKE Study
Efficacy, Safety and Toxicology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems as an Aid for Smoking Cessation (The ESTxENDS Trial)- Extension of Follow-up
International Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Changes in Oral Health in Smokers After Switching to Combustion-Free Nicotine Delivery Systems: SMILE Study Protocol
Who cites it
283 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Global prevalence of E-cigarette use among students: Systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Chemical Profiles and Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes: An Umbrella Review and Methodological Considerations.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- How effective are electronic cigarettes for reducing respiratory and cardiovascular risk in smokers? A systematic review.Harm reduction journal · 2020Pooled it
- Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Youth and Young Adult Use of Pod-Based Electronic Cigarettes From 2015 to 2019: A Systematic Review.JAMA pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- E-cigarettes and equity: a systematic review of differences in awareness and use between sociodemographic groups.Tobacco control · 2017Pooled it
- Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review.American journal of preventive medicine · 2017Pooled it
- Improved aerobic capacity in a randomized controlled trial of noncombustible nicotine and tobacco products.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- e-Cigarettes, Smoking Cessation, and Weight Change: Retrospective Secondary Analysis of the Evaluating the Efficacy of e-Cigarette Use for Smoking Cessation Trial.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Trial
- Varenicline and counseling for vaping cessation: a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial.BMC medicine · 2023Trial
- Comparing the Effectiveness, Tolerability, and Acceptability of Heated Tobacco Products and Refillable Electronic Cigarettes for Cigarette Substitution (CEASEFIRE): Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Trial
- An abuse liability assessment of the glo tobacco heating product in comparison to combustible cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapy.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Cardiovascular Effects of Switching From Tobacco Cigarettes to Electronic Cigarettes.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2019Trial
223 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes are a recent development in tobacco harm reduction. They are marketed as less harmful alternatives to smoking. Awareness and use of these devices has grown exponentially in recent years, with millions of people currently using them. This systematic review appraises existing laboratory and clinical research on the potential risks from electronic cigarette use, compared with the well-established devastating effects of smoking tobacco cigarettes. Currently available evidence indicates that electronic cigarettes are by far a less harmful alternative to smoking and significant health benefits are expected in smokers who switch from tobacco to electronic cigarettes. Research will help make electronic cigarettes more effective as smoking substitutes and will better define and further reduce residual risks from use to as low as possible, by establishing appropriate quality control and standards.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.