ArticleScientific reports2014
Gray's paradox: a fluid mechanical perspective.
Article in Scientific reports, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Swimming with robots: investigating fish locomotion, sensing, and schooling behavior with robotic swimmers.Nature communications · 2026Review
- How Free Swimming Fosters the Locomotion of a Purely Oscillating Fish-like Body.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The performance of a flapping foil for a self-propelled fishlike body.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Immersed Methods for Fluid-Structure Interaction.Annual review of fluid mechanics · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Nearly eighty years ago, Gray reported that the drag power experienced by a dolphin was larger than the estimated muscle power - this is termed as Gray's paradox. We provide a fluid mechanical perspective of this paradox. The viewpoint that swimmers necessarily spend muscle energy to overcome drag in the direction of swimming needs revision. For example, in undulatory swimming most of the muscle energy is directly expended to generate lateral undulations of the body, and the drag power is balanced not by the muscle power but by the thrust power. Depending on drag model utilized, the drag power may be greater than muscle power without being paradoxical.
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