ArticleCancer2014
Impact of sex on the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis.
Article in Cancer, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The combination of transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) and thermal ablation versus TACE alone for hepatocellular carcinoma.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Blood glucose concentration and risk of liver cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.Oncotarget · 2017Pooled it
- Racial and ethnic survival disparities in primary liver cancer in the United States: a National Cancer Database propensity score-matched study.Hepatic oncology · 2026Article
- Scutellarin mediates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in liver cancer through a novel circSRBD1/miR-2682-5p/ESR1 ceRNA axis.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Sex and gender disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma: insights into risk, diagnosis, and therapeutic outcomes.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Review
- Whole-genome profiling of age- and sex-associated DNA methylation signatures in human plasma cell-free DNA.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- A novel nomogram based on machine learning predicting overall survival for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with dynamic α‑fetoprotein level changes after local resection.Oncology letters · 2025Article
- Sex-based disparities in liver transplantation: Evidence from a nationwide Italian cohort.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2025Article
- Estrogen receptor α suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma by restricting M2 macrophage infiltration through the YAP-CCL2 axis.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Nationwide Prevalence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Saudi Arabia: A Population-Based Analysis for 2021.Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma · 2025Article
- Machine Learning Approach and Bioinformatics Analysis Discovered Key Genomic Signatures for Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocyte Remodeling and Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Cancer informatics · 2025Review
- [Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)].Medecine tropicale et sante internationale · 2024Review
- Article
- Social Inequities in the Survival of Liver Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea, 2007-2017.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
- Sex differences in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a narrative review.Ewha medical journal · 2024Review
- Comparison of Surgical Resection and Radiofrequency Ablation in Elderly Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2024Article
- Cancer survival analysis on population-based cancer registry data in Zhejiang Province, China (2018-2019).Journal of the National Cancer Center · 2024Article
- Deep learning based automatic internal gross target volume delineation from 4D-CT of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.Journal of applied clinical medical physics · 2024Article
- A nationwide study on the current treatment status and natural prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in elderly.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMen are 4 to 8 times more likely to develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than women. Preclinical models have suggested a role for sex hormones in the development of HCC. In the current study, the authors investigated the impact of age, sex, race, and ethnicity on the survival of patients with HCC using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.
methodsPatients diagnosed with HCC from 1988 through 2010 were identified from the SEER registry. Hazard ratios (HR) for overall survival (OS) were derived using the Cox regression model adjusted for race, year of diagnosis, marital status, treatment, birthplace, tumor differentiation, and tumor size.
resultsA total of 39,345 patients were identified; 76% were men and 34% were women (50% white, 12% African American, 21% Asian, 16% Hispanic, and 1% Native American). The median age at the time of diagnosis was 61 years for men and 67 years for women. Approximately 84% of patients had liver-limited disease and 16% had metastatic disease. Treatment information was available for patients diagnosed after 1998 (34,674 patients): 11% received liver-directed therapy, 11% underwent surgical resection, and 7% underwent liver transplantation. The HR for the OS of women versus men was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.77-0.88) for patients aged <55 years. The protective effect of sex on OS was found to be greatest in patients aged 18 to 44 years (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.65-0.86 [P<.001]), especially those with surgically resected tumors (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54-0.86 [P = .001]) and those who were African American (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78-0.92 [P<.001]). There was no survival difference between sexes noted among Hispanics or patients aged >65 years.
conclusionsSex appears to be associated with survival in patients with HCC. The role of androgens and estrogens in the development and progression of HCC warrants further investigation.
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