ArticleBMC pulmonary medicine2014
Inflammatory response in mixed viral-bacterial community-acquired pneumonia.
Article in BMC pulmonary medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Burden of pneumococcal disease among adults in Southern Europe (Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece): a systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Circulating alpha-1 antitrypsin and its c-terminal peptides differentiate bacterial from viral community-acquired pneumonia.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- ERS/ESCMID state-of-the-science statement on the role of rapid diagnostic tests for the diagnosis and management of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.The European respiratory journal · 2026Review
- Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals Distinct Pathogen Profiles in Community-Acquired Pneumonia Across Age and Disease Severity.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Potential role of serological biomarkers in the diagnosis and prediction of community-acquired pneumonia in elderly individuals.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- 4-Trifluoromethyl bithiazoles as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents for virus-related bacterial infections or co-infections.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2024Article
- Analysis of viral pneumonia and risk factors associated with severity of influenza virus infection in hospitalized patients from 2012 to 2016.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Observational
- Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction Among Patients With Laboratory-Confirmed Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Article
- Role of Olive Bioactive Compounds in Respiratory Diseases.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Efficacy and safety of Lianhua Qingwen granule in the treatment of non-influenza viral pneumonia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical study.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Associated virus-bacterial vaccine based on seasonal LAIV andVirulence · 2022Article
- Neutrophils and secondary infections in COVID-19 induced acute respiratory distress syndrome.New microbes and new infections · 2021Article
- Review
- Analysis of antibiotic usage for viral community-acquired pneumonia in adults.Frontiers of medicine · 2021Article
- Article
- Review
- Inflammatory biomarkers are associated with aetiology and predict outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia: results of a 5-year follow-up cohort study.ERJ open research · 2019Article
- Article
- C-reactive protein is differentially modulated by co-existing infections, vitamin deficiencies and maternal factors in pregnant and lactating indigenous Panamanian women.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe role of mixed pneumonia (virus+bacteria) in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has been described in recent years. However, it is not known whether the systemic inflammatory profile is different compared to monomicrobial CAP. We wanted to investigate this profile of mixed viral-bacterial infection and to compare it to monomicrobial bacterial or viral CAP.
methodsWe measured baseline serum procalcitonin (PCT), C reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) count in 171 patients with CAP with definite etiology admitted to a tertiary hospital: 59 (34.5%) bacterial, 66 (39.%) viral and 46 (27%) mixed (viral-bacterial).
resultsSerum PCT levels were higher in mixed and bacterial CAP compared to viral CAP. CRP levels were higher in mixed CAP compared to the other groups. CRP was independently associated with mixed CAP. CRP levels below 26 mg/dL were indicative of an etiology other than mixed in 83% of cases, but the positive predictive value was 45%. PCT levels over 2.10 ng/mL had a positive predictive value for bacterial-involved CAP versus viral CAP of 78%, but the negative predictive value was 48%.
conclusionsMixed CAP has a different inflammatory pattern compared to bacterial or viral CAP. High CRP levels may be useful for clinicians to suspect mixed CAP.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.