Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25072831›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of ophthalmology2014

Myopia in young adults is inversely related to an objective marker of ocular sun exposure: the Western Australian Raine cohort study.

Charlotte M McKnight, Justin C Sherwin, Seyhan Yazar, Hannah Forward, Alex X Tan, Alex W Hewitt, Craig E Pennell, Ian L McAllister, Terri L Young, Minas T Coroneo and 1 more

Open access · greenAbstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in American journal of ophthalmology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
38citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
6.9field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

38 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Conjunctival Ultraviolet Autofluorescence: A Systematic Review of Factors Affecting Observed Ocular Damage.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026
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  12. Following prevalence of myopia in a large Swiss military cohort over the last decade: where is the European "myopia boom"?Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.

Charlotte M McKnightCentre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia. Electronic address: mail@charlottemcknight.com.
Justin C SherwinCentre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
Seyhan YazarCentre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia.
Hannah ForwardCentre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia.
Alex X TanCentre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia.
Alex W HewittCentre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
Craig E PennellSchool of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Ian L McAllisterCentre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia.
Terri L YoungCenter for Human Genetics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Minas T CoroneoDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
David A MackeyCentre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia.
University of Western Australia · AULions Eye Institute · AUCenter for Human Genetics · USCentre for Eye Research Australia · AUUNSW Sydney · AU

Funding

The Molecular Genetics of High MyopiaR01EY014685 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON · PI YOUNG, TERRI LOIS · 2003 to 2017
$8.1M
NEI NIH HHS R01 EY014685
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo determine the association between ocular sun exposure measured by conjunctival ultraviolet (UV) autofluorescence and myopic refractive error in young adults.

designCross-sectional study.

methodssetting: Population-based cohort in Western Australia. study population: Total of 1344 mostly white subjects aged 19-22 years in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Eye Health Study. observation procedures: Cycloplegic autorefraction, conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence photography, participant questionnaire. main outcome measures: Prevalence of myopic refractive error (spherical equivalent less than -0.50 diopters) and area of conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence in mm(2).

resultsThere was an inverse relationship between myopic refractive error and ocular sun exposure, with more than double the prevalence of myopia in the lowest quartile of conjunctival autofluorescence than the highest quartile (33.0% vs 15.6%). Median area of autofluorescence was significantly lower in myopic than in nonmyopic subjects (31.9 mm(2) vs 47.9 mm(2), P < .001). These differences remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, parental history of myopia, and subject level of education. The use of corrective lenses did not explain the lower conjunctival autofluorescence observed in myopic subjects.

conclusionsIn this young adult population, myopic refractive error was inversely associated with objectively measured ocular sun exposure, even after adjustment for potential confounders. This further supports the inverse association between outdoor activity and myopia.

Indexed as

ForecastingCross-Sectional StudiesEnvironmental ExposureEyeFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMyopiaPopulation SurveillancePregnancyRefraction, OcularRisk FactorsSunlightWestern AustraliaYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID25072831
PMCPMC4786165
OpenAlexW2155147972

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.