Trial reportJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2014
Risk factors for preterm birth among HIV-infected pregnant Ugandan women randomized to lopinavir/ritonavir- or efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy.
Trial report in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00993031 (Protease Inhibitors to Reduce Malaria Morbidity in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women), which is not on this map. Cited by 30 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Protease Inhibitors to Reduce Malaria Morbidity in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of safety and effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy regimens among pregnant women living with HIV at preconception or during pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to protease-inhibitor-based versus non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral combinations in pregnant women with HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Pooled it
- Adverse perinatal outcomes associated with antiretroviral therapy in women living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women Who Conceive on Antiretroviral Therapy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Trial
- Estradiol Levels Are Altered in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Pregnant Women Randomized to Efavirenz-Versus Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2018Trial
- Protective Effect of Indoor Residual Spraying of Insecticide on Preterm Birth Among Pregnant Women With HIV Infection in Uganda: A Secondary Data Analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2017Trial
- Viral Suppression and Retention in Care up to 5 Years After Initiation of Lifelong ART During Pregnancy (Option B+) in Rural Uganda.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2017Trial
- Brief Report: Food Insufficiency Is Associated With Lack of Sustained Viral Suppression Among HIV-Infected Pregnant and Breastfeeding Ugandan Women.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2016Trial
- Efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir versus efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected pregnant Ugandan women.AIDS (London, England) · 2015Trial
- Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes and Birth Defects Among Women Living With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy and HIV-Negative Women in Uganda, 2015-2021.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- Challenges, risks, and opportunities of antiretroviral drugs in women of reproductive potential.Expert review of anti-infective therapy · 2024Review
- Risk factors of adverse birth outcomes among a cohort of pregnant women in Coastal Kenya, 2017-2019.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Neurodevelopment among children exposed to HIV and uninfected in sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- Understanding clinical outcome measures reported in HIV pregnancy studies involving antiretroviral-naive and antiretroviral-experienced women.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2023Review
- Antiretroviral Therapy and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in People Living with HIV.The New England journal of medicine · 2023Review
- Retention in care and viral suppression in the PMTCT continuum at a large referral facility in western Kenya.AIDS and behavior · 2022Article
- A Scoping Review of Preterm Births in Sub-Saharan Africa: Burden, Risk Factors and Outcomes.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Effectiveness and safety of available treatments for COVID-19 during pregnancy: a critical review.The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 2022Review
- Associations between HIV, antiretroviral therapy and preterm birth in the US Women's Interagency HIV Study, 1995-2018: a prospective cohort.HIV medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundProtease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been associated with preterm birth in some studies. We examined risk factors for preterm birth among women randomized to lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)- or efavirenz (EFV)-based ART.
methodsThis was a planned secondary analysis of the PROMOTE-Pregnant Women and Infants Study, an open-label, randomized controlled trial comparing the risk of placental malaria among HIV-infected, ART-naive pregnant Ugandan women assigned to initiate LPV/r- or EFV-based ART at 12-28 weeks gestation. Gestational age was determined based on last menstrual period and ultrasound biometry. All women received bednets and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Stillbirths, spontaneous abortions, and multiple gestations were excluded from the primary analysis. Potential risk factors for preterm birth (<37 weeks gestation) were evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression.
resultsThree hundred fifty-six women were included in this analysis. At enrollment, median gestational age was 21 weeks and median CD4 cell count was 368 cells per cubic millimeter. 14.7% of deliveries in the EFV arm and 16.2% in the LPV/r arm were preterm. Preterm birth was associated with gestational weight gain below 0.1 kg/week versus 0.1 kg/week or more [odds ratio (OR) = 2.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.38 to 4.47; P = 0.003]. Neither ART regimen of LPV/r versus EFV (OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 0.63 to 2.00; P = 0.69) nor placental malaria (OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.38 to 1.44; P = 0.37) was associated with preterm birth.
conclusionsLPV/r was not associated with an increased risk of preterm birth compared with EFV. However, interventions are needed to address modifiable risk factors for preterm birth, such as nutritional status (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00993031).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.