ArticleJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2014
Race and other risk factors for incident proteinuria in a national cohort of HIV-infected veterans.
Article in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Changing trends in lipid profile and biomarkers of renal function and bone metabolism before and after switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide: a prospective observational study.AIDS research and therapy · 2021Observational
- KDIGO 2018 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Hepatitis C in Chronic Kidney Disease.Kidney international supplements · 2018Article
- Younger black patients have a higher risk of infection mortality that is mostly non-dialysis related: A national study of cause-specific mortality among U.S. maintenance dialysis patients.Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis · 2017Article
- Proteinuria is common among HIV patients: what are we missing?Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundProteinuria in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals has been associated with poorer outcomes. We examined risk factors associated with the development of proteinuria in a national registry of HIV-infected veterans.
methodsA total of 21,129 HIV-infected veterans of black and white race without preexisting kidney disease were receiving health care in the Veterans' Health Administration (VHA) medical system between 1997 and 2011. Using the VHA electronic record system, we identified kidney-related risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease) and HIV-related risk factors (CD4 lymphocyte count, HIV RNA level, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus) for developing proteinuria. Proteinuria was defined by 2 consecutive dipstick measures of 1 or higher. The Fine-Gray competing risk model was used to estimate association between clinical variables and incident proteinuria, while accounting for intervening mortality events.
resultsDuring follow-up (median = 5.3 years), 7031 patients developed proteinuria. Overall, black race compared with white race was associated with a higher risk of proteinuria {hazard ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.51 [1.43 to 1.59]}, but the association was stronger at younger ages (P interaction <0.001). Age-stratified risk of proteinuria for blacks relative to whites was greatest among veterans <30 years [2.19 (1.66 to 2.89)] and the risk diminished with increasing age [1.14 (0.97 to 1.34) for >60 years]. We found the race difference to be stronger for the outcome of 2 or higher proteinuria [2.13 (1.89 to 2.39)]. Both HIV-related and traditional risk factors were also associated with incident proteinuria (P < 0.05).
conclusionsCompared with whites, risk of proteinuria was higher in black veterans with HIV infection, particularly at younger ages. In both races, HIV- and kidney-related risk factors were associated with higher proteinuria risk.
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