ReviewFrontiers in immunology2014
A comparative review of toll-like receptor 4 expression and functionality in different animal species.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 453 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
453 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 818 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regulatory T Cell- and Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Inflammation, Cerebral Vasospasm, and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Approach.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Neurogenic Fever after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Animal Models: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Higher bacterial DNAemia can affect the impact of a polyphenol-rich dietary pattern on biomarkers of intestinal permeability and cardiovascular risk in older subjects.European journal of nutrition · 2022Trial
- Species-specific inflammatory responses of chondrocytes: Toward evidence-based model selection in OA research.iScience · 2026Article
- Dual mechanism of human ATG10S in suppressing MEF2A-Driven pro-inflammatory responses.Autophagy · 2026Article
- TLR4: A Potential Therapeutic Target in the Experimental Pathogenesis of Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Development of a potential vaccine against dengue and chikungunya virus co-infection using immunoinformatics and structural evaluation.Journal, genetic engineering & biotechnology · 2026Article
- Low reactogenicity and high tumour antigen expression from mRNA-LNPs with membrane-destabilizing zwitterionic lipids.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a rabbit model ofAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Expression dynamics and antiviral role of chicken OASL during infectious bronchitis virus infection.Poultry science · 2026Article
- CD44-Targeted Delivery of Melittin and Celecoxib via Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Polymersomes for Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Therapy.ChemMedChem · 2026Article
- Cognitive Impairment Associated with Chemotherapy: Neuroimmunological Interactions, Gut-Brain Axis, and Therapeutic Approaches.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) in neuroinflammation: From acute hemorrhagic stroke to chronic neurodegeneration.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Review
- MYD88/TRIF Signaling, Pluripotency and Klotho Regulation in the Intestine, Kidneys, Liver, and Lungs of a Septic Mouse Model.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Virus-like particles in cancer immunotherapy: bridging human and veterinary medicine through one health.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Immunogenicity of an Oil-in-Water Emulsion ContainingVaccines · 2026Article
- LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Double-Edged Sword?Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Yam glycoprotein mediated the immunomodulation of macrophages by targeting TLR4.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Longevity through immunity: the unusual naked mole-rat immune system.GeroScience · 2026Review
- Immunogenicity ofVaccines · 2026Article
393 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, a key component of the innate immune system. TLRs detect invading pathogens and initiate an immediate immune response to them, followed by a long-lasting adaptive immune response. Activation of TLRs leads to the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules. TLR4 specifically recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide, along with several other components of pathogens and endogenous molecules produced during abnormal situations, such as tissue damage. Evolution across species can lead to substantial diversity in the TLR4's affinity and specificity to its ligands, the TLR4 gene and cellular expression patterns and tissue distribution. Consequently, TLR4 functions vary across different species. In recent years, the use of synthetic TLR agonists as adjuvants has emerged as a realistic therapeutic goal, notably for the development of vaccines against poorly immunogenic targets. Given that an adjuvanted vaccine must be assessed in pre-clinical animal models before being tested in humans, the extent to which an animal model represents and predicts the human condition is of particular importance. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the critical points of divergence between human and the mammalian species commonly used in vaccine research and development (non-human primate, mouse, rat, rabbit, swine, and dog), in terms of molecular, cellular, and functional properties of TLR4.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.