ReviewFrontiers in endocrinology2014
The Endocrine Milieu and CD4 T-Lymphocyte Polarization during Pregnancy.
Review in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- The immune microenvironment: a key regulator of ovarian function during ovarian aging.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The β-hCG-TNF-α-T cell axis in threatened abortion: unraveling the pathogenic cascade from aberrant glycosylation to inflammatory demise.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune Infiltration-Related Genes as Potential Biomarkers and Predicted Targets for Renal Allograft Delayed Graft Function and Survival Outcome: An Integrated Machine Learning Approach and Drugs Analysis.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Article
- Effect of Blastocyst Morphology and Developmental Rate on Euploidy and Live Birth Rates in PGT-A Cycles: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Blood transcriptomic signatures associated with depression, or the risk for depression, in pregnant women from the Psychiatry Research And Motherhood - Depression (PRAM-D) study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Dynamic changes in peripheral blood CD4+ T cell subsets are associated with litter performance in primiparous gestating sows.Journal of animal science · 2025Article
- Comprehensive Phenotyping of Extracellular Vesicles in Plasma of Healthy Humans - Insights Into Cellular Origin and Biological Variation.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Tannin alleviated reproductive dysfunction in pregnant ewes infected withFrontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Anti-Thyroperoxidase (A-TPO) and Anti-Thyroglobulin (A-Tg) Antibodies in Women with Previous Hashimoto's Thyroiditis during and after Pregnancy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Associations of Serum Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Placental Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Early Pregnancy, Measured in the UPSIDE Study in Rochester, New York.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Depression in Women: Potential Biological and Sociocultural Factors Driving the Sex Effect.Neuropsychobiology · 2024Review
- Atopic Dermatitis: Fertility, Pregnancy, and Treatment Perspectives.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2024Review
- Microdiversity of the vaginal microbiome is associated with preterm birth.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Assessment of Prior Infection With Hepatitis B Virus and Fecundability in Couples Planning Pregnancy.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Microdiversity of the Vaginal Microbiome is Associated with Preterm Birth.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Leptin, Adiponectin, and Melatonin Modulate Colostrum Lymphocytes in Mothers with Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Causal association of immune cells and polycystic ovarian syndrome: a Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Like Brothers in Arms: How Hormonal Stimuli and Changes in the Metabolism Signaling Cooperate, Leading HPV Infection to Drive the Onset of Cervical Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Kinetics of Placental Infection by Different SmoothPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Acceptance of the fetal semi-allograft by the mother's immune system has become the focus of intensive research. CD4+ T cells are important actors in the establishment of pregnancy. Th1/Th2 paradigm has been expanded to include CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells. Pregnancy hormones exert very significant modulatory properties on the maternal immune system. In this review, we describe mechanisms by which the endocrine milieu modulates CD4 T cell polarization during pregnancy. We first focused on Treg and Th17 cells and on their importance for pregnancy. Secondly, we review the effects of pregnancy hormones [progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2)] on immune cells previously described, with a particular attention to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The importance of Treg cells for pregnancy is evidenced. They are recruited before implantation and are essential for pregnancy maintenance. Decreased number or less efficient Treg cells are implicated in fertility disorders. As for Th17 cells, the few available studies suggest that they have a negative impact on fertility. Th17 frequency is increased in infertile patients. With the combination of its pro-effects on Th2 and Treg cells and anti-effects on Th1 and Th17 cells, P4 contributes to establishment of a favorable environment for pregnancy. E2 effects are more dependent on the context but it seems that E2 promotes Treg and Th2 cells while it inhibits Th1 cells. hCG positively influences activities of Treg and uterine natural killer cells. This embryo signal is an essential actor for the success of pregnancy, both as the endocrine factor regulating P4 secretion by the ovarian corpus luteum, but also as a paracrine agent during implantation as well as an angiogenic and immunologic mediator during the course of gestation. Luteinizing hormone (LH) immune properties begin to be studied but its positive impact on Treg cells suggests that LH could be a considerable immunomodulator in the mouse.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.