ReviewFrontiers in physiology2014
Insect prophenoloxidase: the view beyond immunity.
Review in Frontiers in physiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 319 citations in OpenAlex.
- LncRNA6470/ace-miR-750-y axis modulatesVirulence · 2026Article
- Herbivore Immunity Exhibits a Biphasic Relationship with Plant Defense Toxin Concentrations.Journal of chemical ecology · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic and proteomic signatures underlying nymphal adaptation and foam production in the forage pest Mahanarva spectabilis.Insect molecular biology · 2026Article
- Multifunctional lysozymes from the assassin bug Sycanus bifidus: Insecticidal proteins with anticoagulant and melanization inhibition properties.Pest management science · 2026Article
- Acetylation enables a dual-targeting fungal effector to inhibit insect immunity and development.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Cellular immune response of Amblyomma sculptum and Amblyomma americanum to entomopathogenic fungi: Implications for biological tick control.Medical and veterinary entomology · 2026Article
- Article
- In silico and in vitro exploration of a tyrosinase for biocatalytic production of catechols.FEBS open bio · 2026Article
- Chinese sacbrood virus destroys AcPPAN-copper homeostasis to evade phenoloxidase-based antiviral immunity in Apis cerana.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- The Relative Contributions ofInsects · 2026Article
- In Vivo Evaluation of Efficacy and Toxicity of Bioinspired Peptides With Antimicrobial Properties Against Fungal Infection inInternational journal of microbiology · 2026Article
- Time-resolved transcriptomics of haemocyte discrimination between challenges by nematodes and inert material in the oriental armywormFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Effects of symbiotic bacteria on the parasitism efficacy ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Characterization of Anopheles gambiae immune cells through genetic and functional immunophenotyping.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Interplay ofVirulence · 2025Article
- Review
- Pathogens That Rewrite the Rules: Ascoviruses, Elegant Manipulators of Cell Death Pathways and Architects of the Extracellular Viral Paradigm.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Pathogenicity ofInsects · 2025Article
- Article
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Insect prophenoloxidase (PPO) is an important innate immunity protein due to its involvement in cellular and humoral defense. It belongs to a group of type-3 copper-containing proteins that occurs in almost all organisms. Insect PPO has been studied for over a century, and the PPO activation cascade is becoming clearer. The insect PPO activation pathway incorporates several important proteins, including pattern-recognition receptors (PGRP, β GRP, and C-type lectins), serine proteases, and serine protease inhibitors (serpins). Due to their complexity, PPO activation mechanisms vary among insect species. Activated phenoloxidase (PO) oxidizes phenolic molecules to produce melanin around invading pathogens and wounds. The crystal structure of Manduca sexta PPO shows that a conserved amino acid, phenylalanine (F), can block the active site pocket. During activation, this blocker must be dislodged or even cleaved at the N-terminal sequence to expose the active site pockets and allow substrates to enter. Thanks to the crystal structure of M. sexta PPO, some domains and specific amino acids that affect PPO activities have been identified. Further studies of the relationship between PPO structure and enzyme activities will provide an opportunity to examine other type-3 copper proteins, and trace when and why their various physiological functions evolved. Recent researches show that insect PPO has a relationship with neuron activity, longevity, feces melanization (phytophagous insects) and development, which suggests that it is time for us to look back on insect PPO beyond the view of immunity in this review.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.