ArticleJournal of neurotrauma2015
Methylene blue attenuates traumatic brain injury-associated neuroinflammation and acute depressive-like behavior in mice.
Article in Journal of neurotrauma, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed.
- Assessment of methylene blue and NAD on LPS-induced acute brain injury: effects on neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and blood-brain barrier integrity in a rat endotoxemia model.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Methylene blue reduces postoperative delirium in mice through neuroinflammation suppression and blood-brain barrier repair.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Intranasal methylene blue administration confers neuroprotection in rats subjected to exhaustive exercise training.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Neuroinflammation and Dyskinesia: A Possible Causative Relationship?Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Methotrimeprazine is a neuroprotective antiviral in JEV infection via adaptive ER stress and autophagy.EMBO molecular medicine · 2024Article
- Selective neuroimmune modulation by type I interferon drives neuropathology and neurologic dysfunction following traumatic brain injury.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2023Article
- Divergent Spatial Learning, Enhanced Neuronal Transcription, and Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Develop During Recovery from Post-Injury Sleep Fragmentation.Neurotrauma reports · 2023Article
- Amplified Gliosis and Interferon-Associated Inflammation in the Aging Brain following Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- A Novel Approach of Combining Methylene Blue Photodynamic Inactivation, Photobiomodulation and Oral Ingested Methylene Blue in COVID-19 Management: A Pilot Clinical Study with 12-Month Follow-Up.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Sleep fragmentation engages stress-responsive circuitry, enhances inflammation and compromises hippocampal function following traumatic brain injury.Experimental neurology · 2022Article
- Chronic Cortical Inflammation, Cognitive Impairment, and Immune Reactivity Associated with Diffuse Brain Injury Are Ameliorated by Forced Turnover of Microglia.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2022Article
- Traumatic brain injury results in unique microglial and astrocyte transcriptomes enriched for type I interferon response.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2021Article
- Assessment of the Effects of Stretch-Injury on Primary Rat Microglia.Molecular neurobiology · 2021Article
- Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Update on Current Clinical Diagnosis and Management.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Traumatic Brain Injury Causes Chronic Cortical Inflammation and Neuronal Dysfunction Mediated by Microglia.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2021Article
- Microenvironmental Variations After Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Traumatic Brain Injury.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2021Review
- Novel Synthetic and Natural Therapies for Traumatic Brain Injury.Current neuropharmacology · 2021Review
- Comparison between midline and lateral fluid percussion injury in mice reveals prolonged but divergent cortical neuroinflammation.Brain research · 2020Article
- Hypertonic saline improves brain edema resulting from traumatic brain injury by suppressing the NF-κB/IL-1β signaling pathway and AQP4.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2020Article
- Sleep Disruption Exacerbates and Prolongs the Inflammatory Response to Traumatic Brain Injury.Journal of neurotrauma · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with cerebral edema, blood brain barrier breakdown, and neuroinflammation that contribute to the degree of injury severity and functional recovery. Unfortunately, there are no effective proactive treatments for limiting immediate or long-term consequences of TBI. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of methylene blue (MB), an antioxidant agent, in reducing inflammation and behavioral complications associated with a diffuse brain injury. Here we show that immediate MB infusion (intravenous; 15-30 minutes after TBI) reduced cerebral edema, attenuated microglial activation and reduced neuroinflammation, and improved behavioral recovery after midline fluid percussion injury in mice. Specifically, TBI-associated edema and inflammatory gene expression in the hippocampus were significantly reduced by MB at 1 d post injury. Moreover, MB intervention attenuated TBI-induced inflammatory gene expression (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor α) in enriched microglia/macrophages 1 d post injury. Cell culture experiments with lipopolysaccharide-activated BV2 microglia confirmed that MB treatment directly reduced IL-1β and increased IL-10 messenger ribonucleic acid in microglia. Last, functional recovery and depressive-like behavior were assessed up to one week after TBI. MB intervention did not prevent TBI-induced reductions in body weight or motor coordination 1-7 d post injury. Nonetheless, MB attenuated the development of acute depressive-like behavior at 7 d post injury. Taken together, immediate intervention with MB was effective in reducing neuroinflammation and improving behavioral recovery after diffuse brain injury. Thus, MB intervention may reduce life-threatening complications of TBI, including edema and neuroinflammation, and protect against the development of neuropsychiatric complications.
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