ArticlePsychological medicine2014
Associations of cannabis and cigarette use with psychotic experiences at age 18: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cannabis use and mood disorders: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- The Behavioral Sequelae of Cannabis Use in Healthy People: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Genetic correlation between smoking behaviors and schizophrenia.Schizophrenia research · 2018Pooled it
- Acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of cannabis and tobacco both 'joint' and individually: a placebo-controlled trial.Psychological medicine · 2017Trial
- Exploring the Interactions Between Psychotic Symptoms, Cognition, and Environmental Risk Factors: A Bayesian Analysis of Networks.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Article
- The relevant research of adverse childhood experiences and "risky drinking" in children of alcoholics in China.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- State Cannabis Legalization and Psychosis-Related Health Care Utilization.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Review
- Cannabinoids, reward processing, and psychosis.Psychopharmacology · 2022Review
- Examining pathways between genetic liability for schizophrenia and patterns of tobacco and cannabis use in adolescence.Psychological medicine · 2022Article
- Minimizing policy-biased appraisals of the evidence on cannabis and psychosis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Differential trajectories of tobacco smoking in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis: Associations with clinical outcomes.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Genetic overlap and causal associations between smoking behaviours and mental health.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- The effects of polygenic risk for psychiatric disorders and smoking behaviour on psychotic experiences in UK Biobank.Translational psychiatry · 2020Article
- Factors Moderating the Association Between Cannabis Use and Psychosis Risk: A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2020Review
- Unraveling the Intoxicating and Therapeutic Effects of Cannabis Ingredients on Psychosis and Cognition.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Review
- Barriers and facilitators to cessation among tobacco users with concomitant mental illness attending group behavioral tobacco cessation: A qualitative study.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2020Article
- Association of early onset of cannabis, cigarette, other drug use and schizophrenia or psychosis.Schizophrenia research · 2020Article
- A Twin Study on the Association Between Psychotic Experiences and Tobacco Use During Adolescence.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2019Article
- The relationship between nicotine and psychosis.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA clearer understanding of the basis for the association between cannabis use and psychotic experiences (PEs) is required. Our aim was to examine the extent to which associations between cannabis and cigarette use and PEs are due to confounding.
methodA cohort study of 1756 adolescents with data on cannabis use, cigarette use and PEs.
resultsCannabis use and cigarette use at age 16 were both associated, to a similar degree, with PEs at age 18 [odds ratio (OR) 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-1.86 for cannabis and OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.31-1.98 for cigarettes]. Adjustment for cigarette smoking frequency (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.91-1.76) or other illicit drug use (OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.91-1.73) substantially attenuated the relationship between cannabis and PEs. The attenuation was to a lesser degree when cannabis use was adjusted for in the cigarette PE association (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.05-1.92). However, almost all of the participants used cannabis with tobacco, including those who classed themselves as non-cigarette smokers.
conclusionsTeasing out the effects of cannabis from tobacco is highly complex and may not have been dealt with adequately in studies to date, including this one. Complementary methods are required to robustly examine the independent effects of cannabis, tobacco and other illicit drugs on PEs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.