ArticleImmunity2014
Symbiotic bacterial metabolites regulate gastrointestinal barrier function via the xenobiotic sensor PXR and Toll-like receptor 4.
Article in Immunity, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 626 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
626 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 979 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of microbiota derived metabolites in modulating diabetic inflammation: a systematic review.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Pooled it
- Indoxyl Sulfate and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- A legume-enriched diet improves metabolic health in prediabetes mediated through gut microbiome: a randomized controlled trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Microbial metabolite-driven mechanisms linking the gut microbiome to atherosclerosis: multi-omic and translational perspectives.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- The gut-bone axis: microbial metabolism and nutritional interventions for bone health.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Article
- The gut microbiome and mitochondrial function in metabolism, immunity, and disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- The microbiota at the interface of environmental toxicants and the brain.Cell metabolism · 2026Review
- Microbiome-Derived Tryptophan Metabolites Regulate AhR Signaling to Restore Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota-Mucosal Immune Interactions Underlying Intestinal Homeostasis in Weaned Piglets.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Prenatal Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants Is Associated with Altered Lipid and Metabolomic Profiles in Mothers and Newborns.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Translating gut microbiome research into therapies for type 1 diabetes.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Molecular pathways linking the gut microbiome to antitumor immunity.Trends in microbiology · 2026Review
- Cooperation or Conflict? Molecular and Physiological Cross-Talk Between the Aryl Hydrocarbon and Vitamin D Receptors.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bacterial indole-3-butyric acid promotes fish PUFA synthesis.iMetaOmics · 2026Article
- Metabolic shifts driven by host-microbial interactions.The FEBS journal · 2026Review
- The gut microbiota in malnutrition.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- The Importance of the Gut-Muscle Axis: From Mechanistic Insights in Cell Culture and Rodent Models to Descriptive and Associative Evidence in Livestock.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Gut mucosal barrier: the frontline of bidirectional regulation of the gut-X axis.Medical review (2021) · 2026Review
566 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Intestinal microbial metabolites are conjectured to affect mucosal integrity through an incompletely characterized mechanism. Here we showed that microbial-specific indoles regulated intestinal barrier function through the xenobiotic sensor, pregnane X receptor (PXR). Indole 3-propionic acid (IPA), in the context of indole, is a ligand for PXR in vivo, and IPA downregulated enterocyte TNF-α while it upregulated junctional protein-coding mRNAs. PXR-deficient (Nr1i2(-/-)) mice showed a distinctly "leaky" gut physiology coupled with upregulation of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. These defects in the epithelial barrier were corrected in Nr1i2(-/-)Tlr4(-/-) mice. Our results demonstrate that a direct chemical communication between the intestinal symbionts and PXR regulates mucosal integrity through a pathway that involves luminal sensing and signaling by TLR4.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.