ArticleImmunity2014
Galectin-9-CD44 interaction enhances stability and function of adaptive regulatory T cells.
Article in Immunity, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 215 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
215 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 340 citations in OpenAlex.
- The ubiquitin-proteasome system is an important driver of EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression: a meta-analysis of transcriptomic data.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- New insights on Galectin-9 expression in cancer prognosis: An updated systemic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- A Phase II Study of Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy plus Atezolizumab plus Tiragolumab in Treatment-Naïve Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Trial
- Encoding Cell-Surface Receptor Function Through Glycosylation: Lessons From CD44.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2026Review
- THE MICROANATOMY OF INTRACRANIAL HUMAN THROMBI BY SINGLE NUCLEI TRANSCRIPTOMICS.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A single-cell atlas of peripheral immunity suggests immune subset attrition during tuberculosis dissemination.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Tumor stroma-immune interactions shape the immunosuppressive microenvironment and predict response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus immunotherapy in rectal cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Observational
- Tumor cells escape from therapy-induced senescence: from molecular mechanisms to targeted intervention.Biology direct · 2026Review
- Deciphering the single-cell molecular landscape of ampullary cancer: A rare gastrointestinal malignancy.iScience · 2026Article
- Unsupervised Machine-Learning-Based Endotype Discovery Using Iterative Resampling in Dupilumab-Treated Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Generation of CCR4/CD7 Bispecific CAR-T Cells Resistant to Fratricide and Exhaustion.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Single cell multiomics revealed fibrotic trajectories of endometrial cells and interaction with the pro-fibrotic macrophages in intrauterine adhesion.Genome medicine · 2026Article
- Galectin-9Aging cell · 2026Article
- Immunosuppressive immune microenvironment landscapes in VISTA-high gastric cancer.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- A highly resolved integrated single-cell atlas of HPV-negative head and neck cancer.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Hyaluronic acid-CD44 signaling defines therapeutic resistance and immunosuppressive microenvironment in peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Single-Cell Dissection Reveals Immune Dysregulation After CD5 or CD7-Directed Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Multimodal tumor thermal therapy enhances antitumor immunity by expanding tumor-reactive CX3CR1⁺GPR56⁺ T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma.Theranostics · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Regulate CASP3 and Neuroimmune Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis: An Integrative Multiomics Study.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Article
- Decoding Treg diversity and dysfunction to advance Treg-based therapies in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
155 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The β-galactoside-binding protein galectin-9 is critical in regulating the immune response, but the mechanism by which it functions remains unclear. We have demonstrated that galectin-9 is highly expressed by induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) and was crucial for the generation and function of iTreg cells, but not natural regulatory T (nTreg) cells. Galectin-9 expression within iTreg cells was driven by the transcription factor Smad3, forming a feed-forward loop, which further promoted Foxp3 expression. Galectin-9 increased iTreg cell stability and function by directly binding to its receptor CD44, which formed a complex with transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor I (TGF-βRI), and activated Smad3. Galectin-9 signaling was further found to regulate iTreg cell induction by dominantly acting through the CNS1 region of the Foxp3 locus. Our data suggest that exogenous galectin-9, in addition to being an effector molecule for Treg cells, acts synergistically with TGF-β to enforce iTreg cell differentiation and maintenance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.