ArticlePsychological medicine2014
Prenatal maternal immune disruption and sex-dependent risk for psychoses.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Socioeconomic disadvantage, gestational immune activity, and neurodevelopment in early childhood.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Trial
- Exploring offspring behaviour after prenatal COVID-19 vaccination in mice.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Synergistic pathways to psychosis: understanding developmental risk and resilience factors.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Decreased hippocampal neurite density in late-middle-aged adults following prenatal exposure to higher levels of maternal inflammation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Decreased hippocampal neurite density in late middle-aged adults following prenatal exposure to higher levels of maternal inflammation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Prenatal immune origins of brain aging differ by sex.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Disruption of tryptophan metabolism by high-fat diet-triggered maternal immune activation promotes social behavioral deficits in male mice.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Understanding the potential impact of trimester-specific maternal immune activation due to SARS-CoV-2 on early human neurodevelopment and the role of cytokine balance.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Prenatal maternal immune activation predicts observed fearfulness in infancy.Developmental psychology · 2024Article
- Environmental Risk Factors and Cognitive Outcomes in Psychosis: Pre-, Perinatal, and Early Life Adversity.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Review
- The sex-dependent response to psychosocial stress and ischaemic heart disease.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Review
- Maternal immune activation as an epidemiological risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders: Considerations of timing, severity, individual differences, and sex in human and rodent studies.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Review
- Infections During Pregnancy and Risks for Adult Psychosis: Findings from the New England Family Study.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Article
- Maternal Inflammatory Biomarkers during Pregnancy and Early Life Neurodevelopment in Offspring: Results from the VDAART Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Interleukin 15 modulates the effects of poly I:C maternal immune activation on offspring behaviour.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2022Article
- Distinct effects of interleukin-6 and interferon-γ on differentiating human cortical neurons.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2022Article
- Structural and Functional Deviations of the Hippocampus in Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia Animal Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Pathogenic Infections during Pregnancy and the Consequences for Fetal Brain Development.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Stratification by Sex and Hormone Level When Contrasting Men and Women in Schizophrenia Trials Will Improve Personalized Treatment.Journal of personalized medicine · 2021Review
- Hidden talents: Poly (I:C)-induced maternal immune activation improves mouse visual discrimination performance and reversal learning in a sex-dependent manner.Genes, brain, and behavior · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrevious studies suggest that abnormalities in maternal immune activity during pregnancy alter the offspring's brain development and are associated with increased risk for schizophrenia (SCZ) dependent on sex.
methodUsing a nested case-control design and prospectively collected prenatal maternal sera from which interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-10 were assayed, we investigated sex-dependent associations between these cytokines and 88 psychotic cases [SCZ = 44; affective psychoses (AP) = 44] and 100 healthy controls from a pregnancy cohort followed for > 40 years. Analyses included sex-stratified non-parametric tests adjusted for multiple comparisons to screen cytokines associated with SCZ risk, followed by deviant subgroup analyses using generalized estimating equation (GEE) models.
resultsThere were higher prenatal IL-6 levels among male SCZ than male controls, and lower TNF-α levels among female SCZ than female controls. The results were supported by deviant subgroup analyses with significantly more SCZ males with high IL-6 levels (>highest quartile) compared with controls [odd ratio (OR)75 = 3.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13-9.82], and greater prevalence of low TNF-α levels (<lowest quartile) among SCZ females compared with their controls (OR25 = 6.30, 95% CI 1.20-33.04) and SCZ males. Higher levels of IL-6 were only found among SCZ compared with AP cases. Lower TNF-α levels (non-significant) also characterized female AP cases versus controls, although the prevalence of the lowest levels was higher in SCZ than AP females (70% v. 40%), with no effect in SCZ or AP males.
conclusionsThe results underscore the importance of immunologic processes affecting fetal brain development and differential risk for psychoses depending on psychosis subtype and offspring sex.
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