ReviewNature neuroscience2014
Direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia: a critical reappraisal.
Review in Nature neuroscience, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 407 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
407 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 809 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and coordinate-based meta-analysis of fMRI studies on acupuncture at LR 3.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- Connectivity and Functionality of the Globus Pallidus Externa Under Normal Conditions and Parkinson's Disease.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2021Pooled it
- Dopamine D2-receptor blockade in humans disrupts the effect of effort on learning.PLoS biology · 2026Trial
- The effect of dopamine D2-like receptor blockade on human motor performance and skill acquisition.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- The relationship between glutamate, dopamine, and cortical gray matter: A simultaneous PET-MR study.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Trial
- Antipsychotic-like effects of TAAR1 agonists and D2 receptor blockers are mediated through distinct modulation of striatal neuronal dynamics.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Psychotomimetic Cannabinoid Hyperlocomotion Involves GSK-3β Signaling at Striatopallidal Neurons in Male Mice.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- The role of the globus pallidus subregions in the schizophrenia spectrum continuum.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Schizophrenia and disordered sensorimotor control: challenges, mechanisms and opportunities.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Aerobic Exercise Improves Motor Performance by Reducing Total ERK Expression and Hyperexcitability of Striatal D2-MSNs in MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Chemogenetic activation of the amygdala core nucleus increases aggression in chickens.iScience · 2026Article
- Sub-voxel QSM reveals the mechanism linking substantia nigra iron and temporal diamagnetism to PD gait.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Dopamine-endocannabinoid crosstalk drives exercise-induced bidirectional plasticity in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Dopamine D2 Receptors, D1/D2 Receptor Heteromers and CaMKII Signaling in the Neurobiology of Drug Addiction.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Prefrontal modulation of striatal engagement: a hierarchical framework for goal-directed behavior.Communications biology · 2026Review
- Article
- FOXG1 Hierarchically Shapes Synaptic Functions in Striatal iSPNs and Contributes to ASD Etiology.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- Remote Magnetomechanical Neuromodulation Uncovers Therapeutic Mechanisms for Alleviating Parkinsonian Symptoms in Freely Moving Mice.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Spatial transcriptomics reveals the molecular signatures of prodromal and advanced α-synucleinopathy.iScience · 2026Article
347 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The basal ganglia are subcortical nuclei controlling voluntary actions and have been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). The prevailing model of basal ganglia function states that two circuits, the direct and indirect pathways, originate from distinct populations of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and project to different output structures. These circuits are believed to have opposite effects on movement. Specifically, the activity of direct pathway MSNs is postulated to promote movement, whereas the activation of indirect pathway MSNs is hypothesized to inhibit it. Recent findings have revealed that this model might not fully account for the concurrent activation of both pathways during movement. Accordingly, we propose a model in which intrastriatal connections are critical and the two pathways are structurally and functionally intertwined. Thus, all MSNs might either facilitate or inhibit movement depending on the form of synaptic plasticity expressed at a certain moment. In PD, alterations of dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity could alter this coordinated activity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.