ArticleEpidemiology and infection2015
A large community outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of drinking water contaminated by river water, Belgium, 2010.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Investigation of a suspected cholera outbreak within a closed community of trainees at a college in Hammanskraal, Gauteng Province, South Africa, June 2023.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Impact of operational conditions on drinking water biofilm dynamics and coliform invasion potential.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- A Community WaterborneInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Norovirus GII.3[P12] Outbreak Associated with the Drinking Water Supply in a Rural Area in Galicia, Spain, 2021.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Quantitative Assessment of First Nations Drinking Water Distribution Systems for Detection and Prevalence of ThermophilicInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The effect of environmental conditions on the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in wastewater and surface waters.Journal of applied microbiology · 2022Article
- A Waterborne Gastroenteritis Outbreak Caused by a GII Norovirus in a Holiday Camp in Catalonia (Spain), 2017.Viruses · 2021Article
- Novel insights of waterborne human rotavirus A in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) involving G2 predominance and emergence of a thermotolerant sequence.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Human Adenovirus Molecular Characterization in Various Water Environments and Seasonal Impacts in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Prevalence of coliform bacterial contamination in cat drinking water in households in Thailand.Veterinary world · 2021Article
- Natural Host-Environmental Media-Human: A New Potential Pathway of COVID-19 Outbreak.Engineering (Beijing, China) · 2020Article
- Large waterborneEuro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2020Article
- Detection, Quantification, and Microbial Risk Assessment of Group A Rotavirus in Rivers from Uruguay.Food and environmental virology · 2020Article
- A DiarrhoeagenicInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Rotavirus and Cryptosporidium pathogens as etiological proxies of gastroenteritis in some pastoral communities of the Amathole District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa.BMC research notes · 2020Article
- Review
- Certainty Level of Water Delivery of the Required Quality by Water Supply Networks.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Adenovirus and rotavirus recovery from a treated effluent through an optimized skimmed-milk flocculation method.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
SUMMARY On 6 December 2010 a fire in Hemiksem, Belgium, was extinguished by the fire brigade with both river water and tap water. Local physicians were asked to report all cases of gastroenteritis. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among 1000 randomly selected households. We performed a statistical and geospatial analysis. Human stool samples, tap water and river water were tested for pathogens. Of the 1185 persons living in the 528 responding households, 222 (18·7%) reported symptoms of gastroenteritis during the time period 6-13 December. Drinking tap water was significantly associated with an increased risk for gastroenteritis (relative risk 3·67, 95% confidence interval 2·86-4·70) as was place of residence. Campylobacter sp. (2/56), norovirus GI and GII (11/56), rotavirus (1/56) and Giardia lamblia (3/56) were detected in stool samples. Tap water samples tested positive for faecal indicator bacteria and protozoa. The results support the hypothesis that a point-source contamination of the tap water with river water was the cause of the multi-pathogen waterborne outbreak.
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