ArticleLancet (London, England)2015
Combination HIV prevention for female sex workers: what is the evidence?
Article in Lancet (London, England), 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 124 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
124 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 235 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake, retention and adherence among female sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2024Pooled it
- The PrEP Care Continuum Among Cisgender Women Who Sell Sex and/or Use Drugs Globally: A Systematic Review.AIDS and behavior · 2020Pooled it
- Suboptimal HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Awareness and Willingness to Use Among Women Who Use Drugs in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2019Pooled it
- Prevalence of HIV Among U.S. Female Sex Workers: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2016Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Behavioral and Structural Interventions for PrEP Adherence Among Young Female Sex Workers from Western Kenya.AIDS and behavior · 2026Trial
- A cluster-randomized controlled trial of a combination HIV risk reduction and economic empowerment intervention for women engaged in sex work in Uganda.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2025Trial
- Acceptability of multiple modalities of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among female sex workers in Tanzania: a mixed-methods study.BMJ open · 2022Trial
- HIV self-testing and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis are empowering for sex workers and their intimate partners: a qualitative study in Uganda.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Trial
- Vaginal washing and lubrication among female sex workers in the Mexico-US border region: implications for the development of vaginal PrEP for HIV prevention.BMC public health · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Assuring access to topical mosquito repellents within an intensive distribution scheme: a case study in a remote province of Cambodia.Malaria journal · 2015Trial
- Prioritising place-based strategies for sexually transmitted and blood-borne infection prevention: protocol for theBMJ open · 2026Article
- Contraceptive and condom use among women from key populations in Myanmar.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Special Issue: New Horizons in HIV and Reproductive Health Research: HIV Acquisition and Reproductive Health in Key Populations.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Fine and gray competing risk regression model of predictors of loss to follow up among female sex workers receiving antiretroviral therapy in Nigeria: 2016-2022.BMC women's health · 2026Article
- The Relationship Between Past Condom Use and Condom Use Intention Among Male Construction Worker Clients of Sex Workers in the Western Cape, South Africa: A Parallel Multiple Mediator Model.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Female sex worker preferences for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis delivery in Uganda: A discrete choice experiment.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Facilitators and Barriers to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake Willingness for Full-Service Sex Workers: A Social-Ecological Approach.Sociological inquiry · 2024Article
- Contextual Factors Influencing Implementation of HIV Treatment Support Strategies for Female Sex Workers Living With HIV in South Africa: A Qualitative Analysis Using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2024Article
64 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Sex work occurs in many forms and sex workers of all genders have been affected by HIV epidemics worldwide. The determinants of HIV risk associated with sex work occur at several levels, including individual biological and behavioural, dyadic and network, and community and social environmental levels. Evidence indicates that effective HIV prevention packages for sex workers should include combinations of biomedical, behavioural, and structural interventions tailored to local contexts, and be led and implemented by sex worker communities. A model simulation based on the South African heterosexual epidemic suggests that condom promotion and distribution programmes in South Africa have already reduced HIV incidence in sex workers and their clients by more than 70%. Under optimistic model assumptions, oral pre-exposure prophylaxis together with test and treat programmes could further reduce HIV incidence in South African sex workers and their clients by up to 40% over a 10-year period. Combining these biomedical approaches with a prevention package, including behavioural and structural components as part of a community-driven approach, will help to reduce HIV infection in sex workers in different settings worldwide.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.