ReviewNeurobiology of disease2014
Sex differences in the neurobiology of epilepsy: a preclinical perspective.
Review in Neurobiology of disease, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 155 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex and gender differences in memory in epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Biology of sex differences · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative trends in idiopathic epilepsy burden in China and worldwide based on Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Epilepsy & behavior reports · 2026Article
- Enhanced Glycolysis-Driven Histone H3K18 Lactylation Regulates Epileptogenesis by Modulating the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase COP1.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Sex-related structural alterations across common epilepsies: a worldwide ENIGMA study.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Individualized and stereotypical seizure semiology in a porcine model of post-traumatic epilepsy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Neto2 Phosphorylation Promotes Neuronal Loss in KA-Induced Epileptic Rat Hippocampus by Upregulating the Interaction with GluK2.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Acute Seizure Susceptibility and Chronic Vascular Malformation in a Developmental Mouse Model of Sturge-Weber Syndrome.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Chemogenetic activation of hippocampal area CA2 promotes acute and chronic seizures in a mouse model of epilepsy.Neurobiology of disease · 2026Article
- Anticonvulsant effects, safety, and sex-dependent molecular signatures of cannabidiol treatment in a preclinical model of audiogenic epilepsy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Epilepsy and exercise: a narrative review on the crucial role of neurosteroids in modulating GABAergic neurotransmission.Brain communications · 2026Review
- Chemogenetic activation of hippocampal area CA2 promotes acute and chronic seizures in a mouse model of epilepsy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Metformin as a Neuroendocrine Modulator in Catamenial Epilepsy: Interplay with Sex Hormones and Neurosteroids.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Effect of Valproate on Serum BDNF and MMP-9 in Pediatric Epilepsy.Journal of epilepsy research · 2025Article
- Modified Pentylenetetrazole Model for Acute Seizure Induction in Rats.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Article
- Dynamics of Neuronal and Astrocytic Energy Molecules in Epilepsy.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Article
- Hyperpolarized [1-Brain communications · 2025Article
- The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug meclofenamate mitigates kainic acid-induced seizures via TRPM4 inhibition.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Modulation ofCurrent neuropharmacology · 2025Article
- Posterior Basolateral Amygdala is a Critical Amygdaloid Area for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
When all of the epilepsies are considered, sex differences are not always clear, despite the fact that many sex differences are known in the normal brain. Sex differences in epilepsy in laboratory animals are also unclear, although robust effects of sex on seizures have been reported, and numerous effects of gonadal steroids have been shown throughout the rodent brain. Here we discuss several reasons why sex differences in seizure susceptibility are unclear or are difficult to study. Examples of robust sex differences in laboratory rats, such as the relative resistance of adult female rats to the chemoconvulsant pilocarpine compared to males, are described. We also describe a novel method that has shed light on sex differences in neuropathology, which is a relatively new technique that will potentially contribute to sex differences research in the future. The assay we highlight uses the neuronal nuclear antigen NeuN to probe sex differences in adult male and female rats and mice. In females, weak NeuN expression defines a sex difference that previous neuropathological studies have not described. We also show that in adult rats, social isolation stress can obscure the normal effects of 17β-estradiol to increase excitability in area CA3 of the hippocampus. These data underscore the importance of controlling behavioral stress in studies of seizure susceptibility in rodents and suggest that behavioral stress may be one factor that has led to inconsistencies in outcomes of sex differences research. These and other issues have made it difficult to translate our increasing knowledge about the effects of gonadal hormones on the brain to improved treatment for men and women with epilepsy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.