ArticleInternational journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance2014
Drug-efflux and target-site gene expression patterns in Haemonchus contortus larvae able to survive increasing concentrations of levamisole in vitro.
Article in International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- In vitro analysis of the activities of commercial anthelmintics in the presence of inhibitors of xenobiotic detoxification pathways in Haemonchus contortus exsheathed L3 stage.Parasitology research · 2025Article
- Allele specific PCR for a major marker of levamisole resistance in Haemonchus contortus.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2022Article
- Sensitivity of Haemonchus contortus to anthelmintics using different in vitro screening assays: a comparative study.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Complementary Approaches with Free-living and Parasitic Nematodes to Understanding Anthelmintic Resistance.Trends in parasitology · 2021Review
- Haemonchosis: A Challenging Parasitic Infection of Sheep and Goats.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Anthelmintic Resistance and Its Mechanism: A Review.Infection and drug resistance · 2021Review
- Caenorhabditis elegans in anthelmintic research - Old model, new perspectives.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2020Review
- Genomic introgression mapping of field-derived multiple-anthelmintic resistance in Teladorsagia circumcincta.PLoS genetics · 2017Article
- Effects of in vitro exposure to ivermectin and levamisole on the expression patterns of ABC transporters in Haemonchus contortus larvae.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2016Article
- ABC-B transporter genes in Dirofilaria immitis.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2016Article
- Target selected treatment with levamisole to control the development of anthelmintic resistance in a sheep flock.Parasitology research · 2016Article
- Recent advances in candidate-gene and whole-genome approaches to the discovery of anthelmintic resistance markers and the description of drug/receptor interactions.International journal for parasitology. Drugs and drug resistance · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While there is some evidence that changes in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits confer resistance to levamisole in gastrointestinal helminth parasites, the exact nature of the resistance mechanism(s) is unclear. We utilised the presence of a resistant fraction within the Wallangra 2003 isolate of Haemonchus contortus larvae in order to subdivide the population into three subpopulations of larvae able to survive increasing concentrations of the drug. We then measured gene expression levels in the subpopulations and the larval population as a whole, focusing on genes encoding the subunit components of levamisole-sensitive receptors, genes encoding ancillary proteins involved in receptor assembly, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) genes. The subpopulation surviving the lowest levamisole concentration showed increases of 1.5- to 3-fold in a number of P-gp genes (Hco-pgp-3, -4, -10, and -14) alongside unchanged receptor genes, compared to the whole Wallangra larval population. On the other hand, the subpopulation surviving the intermediate levamisole concentration showed an increase in only a single P-gp (Hco-pgp-14), alongside decreases in some receptor subunit (Hco-unc-63a) and ancillary protein genes (Hco-unc-50, Hco-ric-3.1 and 3.1). The subpopulation surviving the highest levamisole concentration showed further decreases in receptor subunit genes (Hco-unc-63a and Hco-unc-29 paralogs) as well as genes involved in receptor assembly (Hco-unc-74, Hco-unc-50, Hco-ric-3.1 and 3.1), alongside no increased P-gp gene levels. This suggests a biphasic pattern of drug resistance in the larvae of this worm isolate, in which a non-specific P-gp-mediated mechanism confers low levels of resistance, while higher level resistance is due to altered receptor subunit composition as a result of changes in both subunit composition and in the levels of proteins involved in receptor assembly.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.