ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2014
Iodine excess as an environmental risk factor for autoimmune thyroid disease.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02586220 (Iodine Nutrition During Pregnancy and Related Neonatal Physical Development), which is not on this map. Cited by 71 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Iodine Nutrition During Pregnancy and Related Neonatal Physical Development
Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 197 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of galvanization and potassium iodide iontophoresis of the throat and larynx on thyroid parameters: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Beyond levothyroxine: a narrative review of adjunctive management strategies for Hashimoto's thyroiditis.Gland surgery · 2026Review
- Metabolic reprogramming of Th17/Treg imbalance in autoimmune thyroid diseases.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Integrated Lead/Iodine Management for Sustainable Perovskite Solar Modules.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Iodine and Thyroid Dysfunction in Ageing: Nutritional, Pharmacologic, and Microbial Modifiers in Older Adults.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Plant-derived nutritional components in thyroid disease-related neuropsychiatric disorders: mechanistic insights and advances.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Sustainability in Aesthetic and Surgical Clinics: Impacts and Practical Interventions.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Study on the Applicability of WHO Serum Iodine Standards for Normal Individuals in the Chinese Population-A Cross-sectional Study from Six Provinces in China.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Thyrotoxicosis and Excess Iodine Due to Habitual Use of Polyvinylpyrrolidone Iodine While Gargling in an Iodine-sufficient Area.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
- Microvascular Ultrasonography Vascularity Index as a Rapid and Simplified Assessment Tool for Differentiating Graves' Disease from Destructive Thyroiditis and Managing Thyrotoxicosis.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Article
- Iodine Intake from Universal Salt Iodization Programs and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Iodine activates NLRP3 inflammasomes in PBMCs of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and regulates Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation.Endocrine connections · 2025Article
- Investigating serum iodine nutritional levels and their correlation with thyroid function in adult patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism at different treatment stages.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Recent advances of trace elements in autoimmune thyroid disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Autoimmune Thyroid Disease and Pregnancy: The Interaction Between Genetics, Epigenetics and Environmental Factors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Thyroid Autoimmunity During Universal Salt Iodisation-Possible Short-Term Modulation with Longer-Term Stability.Nutrients · 2024Review
- The Role of Nutrition on Thyroid Function.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Exposure to iodine, essential and non-essential trace element through seaweed consumption in humans.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Review
- A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Itraconazole and a Combination Therapy with Itraconazole and Potassium Iodide for the Treatment of Feline Sporotrichosis.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The global effort to prevent iodine deficiency disorders through iodine supplementation, such as universal salt iodization, has achieved impressive progress during the last few decades. However, iodine excess, due to extensive environmental iodine exposure in addition to poor monitoring, is currently a more frequent occurrence than iodine deficiency. Iodine excess is a precipitating environmental factor in the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. Excessive amounts of iodide have been linked to the development of autoimmune thyroiditis in humans and animals, while intrathyroidal depletion of iodine prevents disease in animal strains susceptible to severe thyroiditis. Although the mechanisms by which iodide induces thyroiditis are still unclear, several mechanisms have been proposed: (1) excess iodine induces the production of cytokines and chemokines that can recruit immunocompetent cells to the thyroid; (2) processing excess iodine in thyroid epithelial cells may result in elevated levels of oxidative stress, leading to harmful lipid oxidation and thyroid tissue injuries; and (3) iodine incorporation in the protein chain of thyroglobulin may augment the antigenicity of this molecule. This review will summarize the current knowledge regarding excess iodide as an environmental toxicant and relate it to the development of autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.