ReviewViruses2014
Mechanism of West Nile virus neuroinvasion: a critical appraisal.
Review in Viruses, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 115 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- The Forgotten Gate: Choroid Plexus and Blood-CSF Barrier in Arboviral Encephalitis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Polyamines as Gatekeepers of Virus Replication and Central Nervous System Homeostasis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Tembusu virus neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis: lessons from blood-brain barrier dysfunction in neurotropic flaviviruses.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- Interplay between flaviviruses and the interferon response: mechanisms of immune evasion and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- CD8 T cell dynamics and immune cell trafficking in ZIKV infection: implications for neuroinflammation and therapy.Virology journal · 2025Review
- Article
- Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Review
- Stealth invaders: unraveling the mystery of neurotropic viruses and their elusive presence in cerebrospinal fluid - a comprehensive review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2023Article
- Intraosseous administration into the skull: Potential blood-brain barrier bypassing route for brain drug delivery.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2023Article
- Isolation of Exosomes or Extracellular Vesicles from West Nile Virus-Infected N2a Cells, Primary Cortical Neurons, and Brain Tissues.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Neurodegenerative Diseases: Implications of Environmental and Climatic Influences on Neurotransmitters and Neuronal Hormones Activities.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- COVID-19 and abducens nerve palsy in a 9-year-old girl-case report.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 interacts with renin-angiotensin system: impact on the central nervous system in elderly patients.GeroScience · 2022Review
- Cognitive decline following acute viral infections: literature review and projections for post-COVID-19.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2022Review
- Powassan Viruses Spread Cell to Cell during Direct Isolation fromJournal of virology · 2022Article
- Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Review
- Nervous System Manifestations of Arboviral Infections.Current tropical medicine reports · 2022Review
- Risk factors of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome combined with central neurological complications: A five-year retrospective case-control study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important emerging neurotropic virus, responsible for increasingly severe encephalitis outbreaks in humans and horses worldwide. However, the mechanism by which the virus gains entry to the brain (neuroinvasion) remains poorly understood. Hypotheses of hematogenous and transneural entry have been proposed for WNV neuroinvasion, which revolve mainly around the concepts of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and retrograde axonal transport, respectively. However, an over‑representation of in vitro studies without adequate in vivo validation continues to obscure our understanding of the mechanism(s). Furthermore, WNV infection in the current rodent models does not generate a similar viremia and character of CNS infection, as seen in the common target hosts, humans and horses. These differences ultimately question the applicability of rodent models for pathogenesis investigations. Finally, the role of several barriers against CNS insults, such as the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the CSF-brain and the blood-spinal cord barriers, remain largely unexplored, highlighting the infancy of this field. In this review, a systematic and critical appraisal of the current evidence relevant to the possible mechanism(s) of WNV neuroinvasion is conducted.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.