ArticleGut microbes2014
Role of GM-CSF in the inflammatory cytokine network that regulates neutrophil influx into the colonic mucosa during Clostridium difficile infection in mice.
Article in Gut microbes, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Balancing act of cytokines in controlling the severity ofInfection and immunity · 2026Review
- Microbiota in cancer: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Clostridioides difficile : A suspected pro-carcinogenic bacterium for gastrointestinal tumors.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Gene Expression Dysregulation in Whole Blood of Patients withInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) as a gut microbiome dependent immune factor that alters molecular and behavioral responses to cocaine in male mice.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Article
- Understanding host immune responses iniMeta · 2024Review
- Multimodal vaccination targeting the receptor binding domains ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Host Immune Responses toTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Review
- Engineered implantable vaccine platform for continuous antigen-specific immunomodulation.Biomaterials · 2022Article
- Neutrophil Ratio of White Blood Cells as a Prognostic Predictor ofJournal of inflammation research · 2022Article
- Loss of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) Signaling Promotes IL-22-Dependent Host Defenses against Acute Clostridioides difficile Infection.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- IL-17-producing γδ T cells protect against Clostridium difficile infection.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2020Article
- GM-CSF: A Promising Target in Inflammation and Autoimmunity.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2020Review
- Characterization of the Immune Response during Infection Caused byMicroorganisms · 2019Article
- Article
- TPL2 Is a Key Regulator of Intestinal Inflammation in Clostridium difficile Infection.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- Mice with Inflammatory Bowel Disease are Susceptible to Clostridium difficile Infection With Severe Disease Outcomes.Inflammatory bowel diseases · 2018Article
- Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin negatively modulates ILC3 function through perturbation of IL-23-mediated MAPK signaling.PLoS pathogens · 2017Article
- GM-CSF is not essential for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis but promotes brain-targeted disease.JCI insight · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection in antibiotic-treated mice results in acute colitis characterized by severe intestinal histopathology, robust neutrophil influx, and increased expression of numerous inflammatory cytokines, including GM-CSF. We utilized a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) against GM-CSF in a murine model to study the role of GM-CSF during acute C. difficile colitis. Cefoperazone-treated mice were challenged with C. difficile (strain 630) spores. Expression of GM-CSF was significantly increased in animals challenged with C. difficile. Treatment with an anti-GM-CSF mAb did not alter C. difficile colonization levels, weight loss, or expression of IL-22 and RegIIIγ. However, expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β, as well as iNOS, was significantly reduced following anti-GM-CSF treatment. Expression of the neutrophil chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2, but not the chemokines CCL2, CCL4, CXCL9, and CXCL10, was significantly reduced by anti-GM-CSF treatment. Consistent with a decrease in neutrophil-attractant chemokine expression, there were fewer neutrophils in histology sections and a reduction in the expression of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a tissue anti-protease that protects against damage by secreted neutrophil elastase. These data indicate that GM-CSF plays a role in the inflammatory signaling network that drives neutrophil recruitment in response to C. difficile infection but does not appear to play a role in clearance of the infection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.