ArticleBirth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology2014
Prevention of orofacial clefts caused by smoking: implications of the Surgeon General's report.
Article in Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal Cigarette Smoking and Cleft Lip and Palate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2022Pooled it
- Maternal Smoking and Preterm Birth Among Infants With Orofacial Clefts.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2026Article
- Trends and Prevalence of Modifiable Risk Factors for Birth Defects Among U.S. Women of Reproductive Age: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007 to March 2020.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Molecular Regulation of Palatogenesis and Clefting: An Integrative Analysis of Genetic, Epigenetic Networks, and Environmental Interactions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Population Attributable Fractions of Modifiable Risk Factors for Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts: A Prospective Cohort Study From the Japan Environment and Children's Study.Journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- The prevalence of non-syndromic orofacial clefts and associated congenital heart diseases of a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.The Saudi dental journal · 2021Article
- Detecting Gene-Environment Interaction for Maternal Exposures Using Case-Parent Trios Ascertained Through a Case With Non-Syndromic Orofacial Cleft.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
- Environmental mechanisms of orofacial clefts.Birth defects research · 2020Review
- Proportion of Orofacial Clefts Attributable to Recognized Risk Factors.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2019Article
- E-cigarette aerosol exposure can cause craniofacial defects in Xenopus laevis embryos and mammalian neural crest cells.PloS one · 2017Article
- Genetic factors influencing risk to orofacial clefts: today's challenges and tomorrow's opportunities.F1000Research · 2016Review
- Challenges in Studying Modifiable Risk Factors for Birth Defects.Current epidemiology reports · 2015Article
- Windows of Sensitivity to Toxic Chemicals in the Development of Cleft Palates.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAccording to the 2014 Surgeon General's Report, smoking in early pregnancy can cause orofacial clefts. We sought to examine the implications of this causal link for the potential prevention of orofacial clefts in the United States.
methodsUsing published data on the strength of the association between orofacial clefts and smoking in early pregnancy and the prevalence of smoking at the start of pregnancy, we estimated the attributable fraction for smoking as a cause of orofacial clefts. We then used the prevalence of orofacial clefts in the United States to estimate the number of orofacial clefts that could be prevented in the United States each year by eliminating exposure to smoking during early pregnancy. We also estimated the financial impact of preventing orofacial clefts caused by maternal smoking based on a published estimate of attributable healthcare costs through age 10 for orofacial clefts.
resultsThe estimated attributable fraction of orofacial clefts caused by smoking in early pregnancy was 6.1% (95% uncertainty interval 4.4%, 7.7%). Complete elimination of smoking in early pregnancy could prevent orofacial clefts in approximately 430 infants per year in the United States, and could save an estimated $40.4 million in discounted healthcare costs through age 10 for each birth cohort.
conclusionUnderstanding the magnitude of the preventable burden of orofacial clefts related to maternal smoking could help focus smoking cessation efforts on women who might become pregnant.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.