ArticleNature2014
Rapid seeding of the viral reservoir prior to SIV viraemia in rhesus monkeys.
Article in Nature, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 445 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
445 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 626 citations in OpenAlex.
- Canadian guideline on HIV pre- and postexposure prophylaxis: 2025 update.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025Guideline
- Guideline
- 2025 US Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Recommendations for Post-exposure Prophylaxis in Healthcare Settings.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2025Guideline
- The Hitchhiker Guide to CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- HIV-1 variants are archived throughout infection and persist in the reservoir.PLoS pathogens · 2020Trial
- Brain viral reservoir seeding and neurological metabolic dysregulation in early-life immunodeficiency virus infection.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of Cannabidiol in HIV/SIV infection.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Efficacy of postmenopausal estrogen replacement in SIV-infected female macaques on antiretroviral therapy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Broadly neutralizing antibodies in adult males living with HIV undergoing analytical treatment interruption: secondary and exploratory outcomes of the phase II randomized controlled RIO trial.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- The immunophenotype and proviral landscape of HIV-infected CD4 T cells during antiretroviral therapy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Spatial Lipidomic Profiling of Kidney Functional Units in SIV-Infected and ART-Treated Rhesus Macaques.ACS measurement science au · 2026Article
- Combination therapy with broadly neutralizing antibodies, antiretroviral therapy and CCR5 blockade limits viral reservoir seeding in infant macaque model of HIV.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Microbiota-derived 10-hydroxystearic acid activates PPARα to restore gut epithelial barrier integrity and enhance anti-retroviral therapy.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- HCV-specific CD4EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Article
- A novel measure of antiretroviral activity in cerebrospinal fluid and association with HIV persistence and cognitive function.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- Article
- Maintenance of intestinal CX3CR1Nature communications · 2026Article
- Antiretroviral treatment does not prevent extrapulmonary tuberculosis during SIV/Mtb coinfection in macaques.JCI insight · 2026Article
385 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The viral reservoir represents a critical challenge for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) eradication strategies. However, it remains unclear when and where the viral reservoir is seeded during acute infection and the extent to which it is susceptible to early antiretroviral therapy (ART). Here we show that the viral reservoir is seeded rapidly after mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus monkeys and before systemic viraemia. We initiated suppressive ART in groups of monkeys on days 3, 7, 10 and 14 after intrarectal SIVMAC251 infection. Treatment with ART on day 3 blocked the emergence of viral RNA and proviral DNA in peripheral blood and also substantially reduced levels of proviral DNA in lymph nodes and gastrointestinal mucosa as compared with treatment at later time points. In addition, treatment on day 3 abrogated the induction of SIV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Nevertheless, after discontinuation of ART following 24 weeks of fully suppressive therapy, virus rebounded in all animals, although the monkeys that were treated on day 3 exhibited a delayed viral rebound as compared with those treated on days 7, 10 and 14. The time to viral rebound correlated with total viraemia during acute infection and with proviral DNA at the time of ART discontinuation. These data demonstrate that the viral reservoir is seeded rapidly after intrarectal SIV infection of rhesus monkeys, during the 'eclipse' phase, and before detectable viraemia. This strikingly early seeding of the refractory viral reservoir raises important new challenges for HIV-1 eradication strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.