Evidence map›Paper›PMID 25041903›Full record

ArticleGenetic epidemiology2014

TARV: tree-based analysis of rare variants identifying risk modifying variants in CTNNA2 and CNTNAP2 for alcohol addiction.

Chi Song, Heping Zhang

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Genetic epidemiology, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Empowering genome-wide association studies via a visualizable test based on the regional association score.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
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  13. Association of GDNF and CNTNAP2 gene variants with gambling.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2019
    Article
  14. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Chi SongDepartment of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
Heping Zhang

Funding

Subject CollectionU10AA008401 · NIAAA · SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER · PI JESSICA E SALVATORE · 1989 to 2026
$162.7M
JH/CIDR Genotyping for Genome-Wide Association StudiesU01HG004438 · NHGRI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI VALLE, DAVID · 2007 to 2011
$24.2M
The Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine DependenceP01CA089392 · NCI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI BIERUT, LAURA J. · 2001 to 2012
$17.3M
Genome Wide Association Coordinating CenterU01HG004446 · NHGRI · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI WEIR, BRUCE S. · 2007 to 2011
$6.6M
Statistical Methods in Genetic Studies of Substance UseR01DA016750 · NIDA · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI ZHANG, HEPING · 2004 to 2016
$3.3M
FAMILY STUDY OF COCAINE DEPENDENCER01DA013423 · NIDA · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI BIERUT, LAURA JEAN · 2000 to 2004
$2.2M
Study of Addiction: Genetics and EnvironmentU01HG004422 · NHGRI · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI BIERUT, LAURA J. · 2007 to 2010
$1.2M
NCI NIH HHS P01 CA089392NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG004422NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG004438NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG004446NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268200782096CNIAAA NIH HHS U10 AA008401NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA013423NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA016750
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Since the development of next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, researchers have been extending their efforts on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from common variants to rare variants to find the missing inheritance. Although various statistical methods have been proposed to analyze rare variants data, they generally face difficulties for complex disease models involving multiple genes. In this paper, we propose a tree-based analysis of rare variants (TARV) that adopts a nonparametric disease model and is capable of exploring gene-gene interactions. We found that TARV outperforms the sequence kernel association test (SKAT) in most of our simulation scenarios, and by notable margins in some cases. By applying TARV to the study of addiction: genetics and environment (SAGE) data, we successfully detected gene CTNNA2 and its 43 specific variants that increase the risk of alcoholism in women, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.94. This gene has not been detected in the SAGE data. Post hoc literature search also supports the role of CTNNA2 as a likely risk gene for alcohol addiction. In addition, we also detected a plausible protective gene CNTNAP2, whose 97 rare variants can reduce the risk of alcoholism in women, with an OR of 0.55. These findings suggest that TARV can be effective in dissecting genetic variants for complex diseases using rare variants data.

Indexed as

Genetic VariationAlcoholismalpha CateninDatabases, GeneticFemaleGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMembrane ProteinsModels, GeneticNerve Tissue ProteinsOdds RatioRisk Factorsalpha CateninCNTNAP2 protein, humanCTNNA2 protein, humanMembrane ProteinsNerve Tissue Proteinsalcoholismassociation analysisclassification treemutation

Identifiers

PMID25041903
PMCPMC4154634

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.