ArticleImmunology2015
The effect of haptens on protein-carrier immunogenicity.
Article in Immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Article
- The additive effect of IgE-mediated and pseudoallergic hypersensitivity in RBL-2H3 cells and guinea pigs.PloS one · 2026Article
- A Reproducible Sequence-Level Strategy to Enhance Peptide Immunogenicity While Preserving Wild-Type Epitope Recognition.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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- Harnessing the power of f-block elements in radiopharmaceuticals.Nature reviews. Chemistry · 2024Article
- Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Immunosensors Using Nanobodies as Biocompatible Sniffer Tools of Agricultural Contaminants and Human Disease Biomarkers.Micromachines · 2023Review
- Development of anti-aflatoxin B1 nanobodies from a novel mutagenesis-derived synthetic library for traditional Chinese medicine and foods safety testing.Journal of biological engineering · 2023Article
- Immunotherapeutic strategies for treating opioid use disorder and overdose.Expert opinion on investigational drugs · 2023Review
- Preclinical Assessment of Immunogenicity and Protectivity of Novel ROR1 Fusion Proteins in a Mouse Tumor Model.Cancers · 2022Article
- Article
- Roles of Mast Cells in Cutaneous Diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Hapten designs based on aldicarb for the development of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic quantitative test strip.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Facing the challenges of multidrug-resistantHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Article
- Immunopharmacotherapeutic advancements in addressing methamphetamine abuse.RSC chemical biology · 2021Review
- Review
- Synthesis of Zearalenone Immunogen and Comparative Analysis of Antibody Characteristics.International journal of analytical chemistry · 2021Article
- Adaptive Immune Responses Associated with the Central Nervous System Pathology of Gulf War Illness.Neuroscience insights · 2021Review
- Advances in Antibody Preparation Techniques for Immunoassays of Total Aflatoxin in Food.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
- Inhibition of protective immunity againstScience advances · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The immune response against hapten is T-cell-dependent, and so requires the uptake, processing and presentation of peptides on MHC class II molecules by antigen-presenting cells to the specific T cell. Some haptens, following conjugation to the available free amines on the surface of the carrier protein, can reduce its immunogenicity. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism by which this occurs. Four proteins were tested as carriers and six molecules were used as haptens. The immune response to the carrier proteins was reduced > 100-fold by some of the haptens (termed carrier immunogenicity reducing haptens--CIRH), whereas other haptens did not influence the protein immunogenicity (carrier immunogenicity non-reducing haptens--nCIRH). Conjugation of the protein to a CIRH affected protein degradation by lysosomal cathepsins, leading to the generation of peptides that differ in length and sequence from those derived from the same native protein or that protein modified with nCIRH. Injection of CIRH-conjugated protein into mice induced an increase in the population of regulatory T cells. The results of this study provide a putative mechanism of action for the reduction of immune response to haptenated proteins.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.