ArticleBMJ open2014
Estimating daily salt intake based on 24 h urinary sodium excretion in adults aged 18-69 years in Shandong, China.
Article in BMJ open, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03296332 (Shandong and Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension Project), which is not on this map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Shandong and Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension Project (SMASH)
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Phase 1 Trial to Evaluate the Relationship Between Fluoride Intake and Urinary Fluoride Excretion in Healthy Participants.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Trial
- School based education programme to reduce salt intake in children and their families (School-EduSalt): cluster randomised controlled trial.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2015Trial
- Factors related to high sodium intake based on 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in population aged 50 years and older.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Dietary salt intake and kidney function in rural Senegalese populations: a cross-sectional study.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Is a spot urine sample a good substitution to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion in a population ≥ 50 years old? A validation study.European journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Salt Intake Estimation from Urine Samples in South Asian Population: Scoping Review.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Knowledge, perception, and practice related to sodium intake among Malaysian adults: findings from the Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS).Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2021Article
- Salt intake was higher among males and those with high BMI and waist circumference: introduction to the Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS), a population-based salt intake survey in Malaysia.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2021Article
- Salt intake and blood pressure in Iranian children and adolescents: a population-based study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2021Article
- Associations Between Salt-Restriction Spoons and Long-Term Changes in Urinary NaJournal of the American Heart Association · 2020Article
- Estimating 24-Hour Sodium Excretion from Spot Urine Samples in Chinese Adults: Can Spot Urine Substitute 24-Hour Urine Samples?Nutrients · 2020Article
- Relationship between 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure in the adult population in Shandong, China.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Article
- An Application-based programme to reinforce and maintain lower salt intake (AppSalt) in schoolchildren and their families in China.BMJ open · 2019Article
- Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Stroke Mortality Attributable to High Sodium Intake in China and Japan.Stroke · 2019Article
- Implementation of national action plans on noncommunicable diseases, Bhutan, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2019Article
- Preoperative selective vs non-selective α-blockade in PPGL patients undergoing adrenalectomy.Endocrine connections · 2017Article
- Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium in Maputo, Mozambique.Nutrients · 2017Article
- Salt reduction in China: a state-of-the-art review.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2017Review
- Dietary Vitamin C Deficiency Is Associated With Health-Related Quality of Life and Cardiac Event-free Survival in Adults With Heart Failure.The Journal of cardiovascular nursingArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objective24 h urinary sodium extretion was used to estimate the daily salt intake of shandong residents aged from 18 to 69 years in China.
setting20 selected counties/districts in Shandong stratified by geographic region (Eastern, Central Southern and North Western) and residence type (urban vs rural).
participantsAmong 2184 randomly selected adults, 2061 provided usable 24 h urine samples. Urine volume <500 mL or male creatinine <3.81 (female creatinine <4.57) are not included in the analysis.
resultsThe mean sodium level excreted over 24 h was 237.61 mmol (95% CI 224.77 to 250.44) mmol. Overall, the estimated mean salt intake was 13.90 g/day (95% CI 13.15 to 14.65). The mean salt intake among rural residents was higher than that among urban residents (14.00 vs 13.68 g; p<0.01). Salt intake in men was higher than that in women (14.40 vs 13.37 g; p<0.01). Approximately 96% of the survey participants had a dietary salt intake of ≥6 g/day.
conclusionsThe salt intake in Shandong is alarmingly higher than the current recommended amount (6 g/day). Thus, effective interventions to reduce salt intake levels to combat the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases need to be developed and implemented.
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