ArticlePloS one2014
Longitudinal changes in total brain volume in schizophrenia: relation to symptom severity, cognition and antipsychotic medication.
Article in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Meta-Analysis of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Effects on Brain Volume in Schizophrenia: Genotype and Serum Levels.Neuropsychobiology · 2021Pooled it
- Differentiating the effect of antipsychotic medication and illness on brain volume reductions in first-episode psychosis: A Longitudinal, Randomised, Triple-blind, Placebo-controlled MRI Study.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2021Trial
- Psychosocial Interventions, Recovery, and Mediating Mechanisms in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Successful antipsychotic dose tapering leading to better cognition in patients with remitted psychosis: Results of Guided Antipsychotic Reduction to Reach Minimum Effective Dose (GARMED) trial.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Causal relationship between genetically predicted mental disorders and frailty: a bidirectional and multivariable mendelian randomization study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- The antipsychotic potential ofIBRO neuroscience reports · 2024Article
- Excessive interstitial free-water in cortical gray matter preceding accelerated volume changes in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Article
- Novel Insights into Psychosis and Antipsychotic Interventions: From Managing Symptoms to Improving Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Longitudinal reduction in brain volume in patients with schizophrenia and its association with cognitive function.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2024Article
- Targeted Treatment of Schizophrenia Symptoms as They Manifest, or Continuous Treatment to Reduce the Risk of Psychosis Recurrence.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Article
- Basal-Forebrain Cholinergic Nuclei Alterations are Associated With Medication and Cognitive Deficits Across the Schizophrenia Spectrum.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Article
- Microstructural Cortical Gray Matter Changes Preceding Accelerated Volume Changes in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.Research square · 2023Article
- Association between gut permeability, brain volume, and cognition in healthy participants and patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder.Brain and behavior · 2023Article
- Effects of antipsychotic and anticholinergic medications on cognition in chronic patients with schizophrenia.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Antipsychotics and structural brain changes: could treatment adherence explain the discrepant findings?Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2023Review
- The Association of Antipsychotic Postponement With 5-Year Outcomes of Adolescent First-Episode Psychosis.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2023Article
- Developmental Manipulation-Induced Changes in Cognitive Functioning.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Article
- Predictive MRI Biomarkers in MS-A Critical Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- Common gray matter loss in the frontal cortex in patients with methamphetamine-associated psychosis and schizophrenia.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2022Article
- Obesity as a Risk Factor for Accelerated Brain Ageing in First-Episode Psychosis-A Longitudinal Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Studies show evidence of longitudinal brain volume decreases in schizophrenia. We studied brain volume changes and their relation to symptom severity, level of function, cognition, and antipsychotic medication in participants with schizophrenia and control participants from a general population based birth cohort sample in a relatively long follow-up period of almost a decade. All members of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 with any psychotic disorder and a random sample not having psychosis were invited for a MRI brain scan, and clinical and cognitive assessment during 1999-2001 at the age of 33-35 years. A follow-up was conducted 9 years later during 2008-2010. Brain scans at both time points were obtained from 33 participants with schizophrenia and 71 control participants. Regression models were used to examine whether brain volume changes predicted clinical and cognitive changes over time, and whether antipsychotic medication predicted brain volume changes. The mean annual whole brain volume reduction was 0.69% in schizophrenia, and 0.49% in controls (p = 0.003, adjusted for gender, educational level, alcohol use and weight gain). The brain volume reduction in schizophrenia patients was found especially in the temporal lobe and periventricular area. Symptom severity, functioning level, and decline in cognition were not associated with brain volume reduction in schizophrenia. The amount of antipsychotic medication (dose years of equivalent to 100 mg daily chlorpromazine) over the follow-up period predicted brain volume loss (p = 0.003 adjusted for symptom level, alcohol use and weight gain). In this population based sample, brain volume reduction continues in schizophrenia patients after the onset of illness, and antipsychotic medications may contribute to these reductions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.