ReviewThe British journal of ophthalmology2015
Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints in glaucoma clinical trials.
Review in The British journal of ophthalmology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rates of visual field change and functional progression in glaucoma following trabecular microbypass implantation of iStent technologies: a meta-analysis.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Outcome measures in childhood glaucoma: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Pooled it
- Short-term efficacy of latanoprostene bunod for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension: a systematic literature review and a network meta-analysis.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2022Pooled it
- Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with iStent for open-angle glaucoma.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Missed opportunity from randomised controlled trials of medical interventions for open-angle glaucoma.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2017Pooled it
- Ab interno trabecular bypass surgery with Trabectome for open angle glaucoma.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Evaluation of Visual Field and Imaging Outcomes for Glaucoma Clinical Trials (An American Ophthalomological Society Thesis).Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society · 2017Trial
- Association between Intraocular Pressure and Rates of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Loss Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography.Ophthalmology · 2016Trial
- Visualising treatment effects in low-vision settings: proven and potential endpoints for clinical trials of inherited retinal disease therapies.Gene therapy · 2026Review
- Psychometric Assessment of the Metamorphopsia Questionnaire in Patients with Macular Diseases Receiving Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Robust radiomics: a review of guidelines for radiomics in medical imaging.Frontiers in radiology · 2025Review
- Systematic bibliometric and visualized analysis of research hotspots and trends on the application of artificial intelligence in glaucoma from 2013 to 2022.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Patient-reported outcome measures in ophthalmology: too difficult to read?BMJ open ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Article
- Angiopoietin-1 Knockout Mice as a Genetic Model of Open-Angle Glaucoma.Translational vision science & technology · 2020Article
- Sample Size Requirements of Glaucoma Clinical Trials When Using Combined Optical Coherence Tomography and Visual Field Endpoints.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Impact of ab-interno trabeculectomy on Bruch's membrane opening-based morphometry of the optic nerve head for glaucoma progression analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2019Article
- Review of Biomarkers in Ocular Matrices: Challenges and Opportunities.Pharmaceutical research · 2019Review
- Accurate, fast, data efficient and interpretable glaucoma diagnosis with automated spatial analysis of the whole cup to disc profile.PloS one · 2019Article
- Exploring causality mechanism in the joint analysis of longitudinal and survival data.Statistics in medicine · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Surrogate endpoints are often used as replacements for true clinically relevant endpoints in several areas of medicine, as they enable faster and less expensive clinical trials. However, without proper validation, the use of surrogates may lead to incorrect conclusions about the efficacy and safety of treatments. This article reviews the general requirements for validating surrogate endpoints and provides a critical assessment of the use of intraocular pressure (IOP), visual fields, and structural measurements of the optic nerve as surrogate endpoints in glaucoma clinical trials. A valid surrogate endpoint must be able to predict the clinically relevant endpoint and fully capture the effect of an intervention on that endpoint. Despite its widespread use in clinical trials, no proper validation of IOP as a surrogate endpoint has ever been conducted for any class of IOP-lowering treatments. Evidence has accumulated with regard to the role of imaging measurements of optic nerve damage as surrogate endpoints in glaucoma. These measurements are predictive of functional losses in the disease and may explain, at least in part, treatment effects on clinically relevant endpoints. The use of composite endpoints in glaucoma trials may overcome weaknesses of the use of structural or functional endpoints in isolation. Unless research is dedicated to fully develop and validate suitable endpoints that can be used in glaucoma clinical trials, we run the risk of inappropriate judgments about the value of new therapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.