Trial reportJournal of neurotrauma2015
Outcome prediction after mild and complicated mild traumatic brain injury: external validation of existing models and identification of new predictors using the TRACK-TBI pilot study.
Trial report in Journal of neurotrauma, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 181 citations in OpenAlex.
- Application of Machine Learning in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging: A Systematic Review.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2026Pooled it
- Comorbidity in traumatic brain injury and functional outcomes: a systematic review.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2021Pooled it
- Apolipoprotein E4 Polymorphism and Outcomes from Traumatic Brain Injury: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of neurotrauma · 2021Pooled it
- Genetic Influences on Patient-Oriented Outcomes in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Living Systematic Review of Non-Apolipoprotein E Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms.Journal of neurotrauma · 2021Pooled it
- Neuromodulation for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- The Risk of Deterioration in GCS13-15 Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury Identified by Computed Tomography Imaging: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of neurotrauma · 2018Pooled it
- Predictive Models of Long-Term Outcome in Patients with Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury are Biased Toward Mortality Prediction.Neurocritical care · 2025Trial
- Divergent recovery trajectories after mild traumatic brain injury are characterized by distinct acute profiles of neurofilament light, 4R-tau, and white matter diffusivity.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Concussion: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence.Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine · 2026Review
- External validation and comparative performance of Marshall, Rotterdam, and Helsinki computed tomography scores in adult traumatic brain injury.BMC emergency medicine · 2026Article
- External Validation of a Prognostic Model for Outcome After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury at 6 Months Post Injury.European journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Factors Associated With Poor One-Month Glasgow Outcome Scale Scores After Traumatic Brain Injury With Intracranial Hemorrhage in Adult Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department.Emergency medicine international · 2026Article
- Use of In-Hospital Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Symptom Checklist Within 24 Hours of Injury to Predict 3-Month Symptom Outcome.The Journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Observational
- Multi-modal proton and sodium MRI for outcome prediction in mild traumatic brain injury.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Clinical Assessment on Days 1-14 for the Characterization of Traumatic Brain Injury: Recommendations from the 2024 NINDS Traumatic Brain Injury Classification and Nomenclature Initiative Clinical/Symptoms Working Group.Journal of neurotrauma · 2025Review
- Review
- Post-Concussion Syndrome Following Blast Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study of Beirut Blast Casualties.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury with and Without Computed Tomography.Journal of neurotrauma · 2025Article
- Recovery from Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Nonathletic Population: A Systematic Review.Neurotrauma reports · 2025Review
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 8 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Although the majority of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) recover completely, some still suffer from disabling ailments at 3 or 6 months. We validated existing prognostic models for mTBI and explored predictors of poor outcome after mTBI. We selected patients with mTBI from TRACK-TBI Pilot, an unselected observational cohort of TBI patients from three centers in the United States. We validated two prognostic models for the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOS-E) at 6 months after injury. One model was based on the CRASH study data and another from Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Possible predictors of 3- and 6-month GOS-E were analyzed with univariate and multi-variable proportional odds regression models. Of the 386 of 485 patients included in the study (median age, 44 years; interquartile range, 27-58), 75% (n=290) presented with a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 15. In this mTBI population, both previously developed models had a poor performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.49-0.56). In multivariable analyses, the strongest predictors of lower 3- and 6-month GOS-E were older age, pre-existing psychiatric conditions, and lower education. Injury caused by assault, extracranial injuries, and lower GCS were also predictive of lower GOS-E. Existing models for mTBI performed unsatisfactorily. Our study shows that, for mTBI, different predictors are relevant as for moderate and severe TBI. These include age, pre-existing psychiatric conditions, and lower education. Development of a valid prediction model for mTBI patients requires further research efforts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.