SynthesisPloS one2014
Effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 on salivary glucose--a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- The risk of tooth loss in patients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of dental hygiene · 2022Pooled it
- Association of salivary alpha-2-macroglobulin with glycemia and glycated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis study.Sao Paulo medical journal = Revista paulista de medicinaPooled it
- The salivary microbiome is altered in the presence of a high salivary glucose concentration.PloS one · 2017Trial
- An On-Chip Disposable Salivary Glucose Sensor for Diabetes Control.Journal of diabetes science and technology · 2016Trial
- Clinical Implications and Research Progress of Salivary Biomarkers for Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Salivary Metabolomic Signatures Associated with Sex-Specific Psychological Distress in Syrian Refugees: A Proof-of-Principle Study.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Oral microbiome classification of elevated salivary glucose in a large adolescent Kuwaiti population.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Dynamic Changes in Exhaled Breath Glucose by Condensate Collection During Oral Glucose Tolerance Testing in Healthy Adults.Medical devices (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Diabetes alters the supragingival microbiome through plasma-to-saliva migration of glucose and fructose.Microbiome · 2025Article
- Salivary glucose, salivary interleukin-18, glycemic control, and periodontal status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Correlational analysis between salivary and blood glucose levels in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.Acta odontologica Scandinavica · 2024Article
- Salivary diagnostics: opportunities and challenges.Theranostics · 2024Review
- Evaluation of Salivary Glucose and Salivary Cortisol in Association with Periodontitis in People with Type II Diabetes: A Case-control Study.Current diabetes reviews · 2024Article
- Predicting Teeth Extraction after Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Cancer Patients Using the Novel GLUCAR Index.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Dysbiosis of Oral Microbiota and Metabolite Profiles Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- INitial Steps of Insulin Action in Parotid Glands of Male Wistar Rats.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2022Article
- Recent Developments in Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Screening of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Current diabetes reports · 2022Review
- Review
- Enrichment of sulphate-reducers and depletion of butyrate-producers may be hyperglycaemia signatures in the diabetic oral microbiome.Journal of oral microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEarly screening of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is essential for improved prognosis and effective delay of clinical complications. However, testing for high glycemia often requires invasive and painful blood testing, limiting its large-scale applicability. We have combined new, unpublished data with published data comparing salivary glucose levels in type 2 DM patients and controls and/or looked at the correlation between salivary glucose and glycemia/HbA1c to systematically review the effectiveness of salivary glucose to estimate glycemia and HbA1c. We further discuss salivary glucose as a biomarker for large-scale screening of diabetes or developing type 2 DM. METHODS AND
findingsWe conducted a meta-analysis of peer-reviewed published articles that reported data regarding mean salivary glucose levels and/or correlation between salivary glucose levels and glycemia or HbA1c for type 2 DM and non-diabetic individuals and combined them with our own unpublished results. Our global meta-analysis of standardized mean differences on salivary glucose levels shows an overall large positive effect of type 2 DM over salivary glucose (Hedge's g = 1.37). The global correlation coefficient (r) between salivary glucose and glycemia was large (r = 0.49), with subgroups ranging from medium (r = 0.30 in non-diabetics) to very large (r = 0.67 in diabetics). Meta-analysis of the global correlation between salivary glucose and HbA1c showed an overall association of medium strength (r = 0.37).
conclusionsOur systematic review reports an overall meaningful salivary glucose concentration increase in type 2 DM and a significant overall relationship between salivary glucose concentration and associated glycemia/HbA1c values, with the strength of the correlation increasing for higher glycemia/HbA1c values. These results support the potential of salivary glucose levels as a biomarker for type 2 DM, providing a less painful/invasive method for screening type 2 DM, as well as for monitoring blood glucose levels in large cohorts of DM patients.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.